Thermal stabilizers microcapsules WSD intenal lubricantgood compatibility with PVC

PVC as wall material , hydrotalcite, calcium / zinc composite heat stabilizer as core materials, preparation of an efficient, environmentally friendly PVC composite stabilizer microcapsules , and discusses the optimal preparation of the microcapsules . The results showed organic pigments that the microcapsules prepared solid content of 15% , when the stirring speed of 600r/min, the stirring time is 160min, the non-solvent solvent such as tetrahydrofuran and ethylene glycol ratio of 5:3 , the amount of emulsifier is 3% Span80 The resulting microcapsules compact structure , particle size distribution 100 ~ 450μm. The heat stabilizer microcapsules with a certain prospect. By following five study concluded . These five areas are: the impact of the solid content of the microcapsules , solvent and non- solvent ratio of the impact of the microcapsules , stirring affect the speed of the microcapsules , stirring time of microcapsules , the microcapsules emulsifier affected. Optical brightener Conclusion : the optimal preparation of the microcapsules may be: a solid content of 15% , stirring speed of 600r/min, the stirring time 160min, the mass ratio of solvent and non- solvent is tetrahydrofuran, ethylene glycol is 5:3 , the amount of emulsifier Span80 3% , ambient temperature and pressure , etc. can be filtered and dried to obtain the particle size distribution of the microcapsules 100 ~ 450μm. This heat stabilizer microcapsules good compatibility with PVC , thermal stability and mechanical properties under further study.

PVC flame retardant future trends

People's lives , the most used items are plastic products, manufacture

of plastic products are made ​​from a polymer  WSD zinc stearate material , most plastic

products by PE, PP, ABS, PBT, PO, PA and other plastic materials with

excellent performance , these characteristics have flammable materials ,

generated a lot of smoke when burning machine toxic gas , people

poisoning, serious cause great harm to the human body .
   The flammability of plastic products bring to our lives a great

security risk, therefore , the development of a class of flame retardant

products that can be added to plastic products , play a retardant effect

is the vast number of plastic products manufacturers and people

requirements.
  Environment and conditions for combustion , flame retardant products are

appropriate to develop it. Our analysis is the  WSD Titanium dioxide rutile first element of the

combustion heat, oxygen and fuel. Flame through endothermic effect,

covering the role of several chain reaction mechanism , the role of non-

combustible gases , such as suffocation inhibition play retardant effect.
  For certain requirements added flame retardants used , without

compromising the physical properties of plastics. With weather resistance

, durability , and even lower prices , so as to use a wide range .

Retardants future trends in 10 years of the 21st century , the global

flame retardant industry will maintain a moderate growth rate, the main

development trends in the next 10 years retardants are: halogenated flame

retardants ( including halogen-containing phosphate ) will will continue

to be used , and the amount may still be a slight increase, but the

product mix will be adjusted , polybrominated diphenyl ethers and other

people will be cautious in dealing with ; intumescent flame retardant

phosphorus and nitrogen and nitrogen-based system will be further the

development and the favored ; non-toxic, inorganic halogen-free flame

retardant and smoke suppression , such  WSD Chlorinated paraffin as modified aluminum hydroxide ,

magnesium hydroxide, zinc borate , magnesium hydroxide can be used

especially in high temperature , will further been developed ; smoke

Suppressant market prospects ; retardants field calls for more regulations

and standards come out.

The main uses of plastics processing aids and recipes

1 , inorganic non-halogen flame retardants account for an important position among alumina trihydrate and magnesium hydroxide mixed use, you can use a large amount of alumina trihydrate endothermic ( absorbs heat of crystallization water vapor ) , inhibition of the burning surface temperature ; use of magnesium hydroxide to raise the  oxygen index and promote charring effect, because the surface of the polymer film can also play with the charring prevent burning effect. In addition , the development of new varieties of antimony oxide is also a non- halogen flame retardant development in another direction . Plasticizers ; are added to plastics to Flame retardant  increase the system without affecting the plastic nature of the material properties of the polymer . External plasticizer : generally applied to the polymerization system less volatile high-boiling liquid or low melting solids . Plasticizers : the polymer is introduced during the polymerization to reduce the crystallinity of the polymer chain increases the plasticity of the second monomer material plastics. Primary plasticizer ; both molecules inserted in the amorphous region of the polymer plasticizer is inserted while the crystalline regions , which is also called a plasticizer solvent plasticizer . Auxiliary plasticizer ; inserted only partially crystalline molecular plasticizer amorphous regions of the polymer , the plasticizer, the plasticizer is also called non-solvent . Compatibility: the ability to dissolve the plasticizer and resin mixed with each other , and is one of the most basic requirements of plasticizer . Cohesive energy density (CED): energy per unit volume of solvent evaporation . Solubility parameters : the square root organic pigments  of the value of the energy of vaporization per unit volume of solvent. Cloud point (Tc): dilute homogeneous polymer solution and a plasticizer , at a temperature becomes cloudy during cooling . By measuring the cloud point can be estimated plasticizer and resin compatibility. The lower the cloud point , a plasticizer compatible with the polymer , the better. Plasticizing efficiency ; plasticizing efficiency of the resin reaches a certain degree of softness is called the amount of plasticizer plasticizer . Plasticizing efficiency is a relative value , the plasticizer can be used to compare the plasticizing effect . The method used for representing plasticizing efficiency glass transition temperature (Tg) and reduce the decrease in modulus is represented . Oxidation of the polymer is the time increases with the decrease of the performance of the polymer , also known as auto-oxidation . Into the induction period , a strong oxidizing period . Antioxidants ; refers to polymers by oxidation and slow the aging phenomenon can play the role of a class of chemicals. Primary antioxidant ; antioxidant is considered to be the main cleaning agent, a free radical , it is through the coupling reaction ( i.e., the termination reaction) to give a hydrogen atom or to prevent the damaging effects of free radicals in the polymer . Secondary antioxidants ; role of antioxidants is to help decompose the peroxide oxidation of the resulting polymer . Antioxidants including an aid phosphite 2 , 3 thioether antioxidants , metal deactivators metal ion deactivators ; preventing the heavy metal ion induced oxidation of the resulting polymer material , often referred to as metal ions blunt agent or a metal deactivator , a metal chelating agent , also known as copper inhibitors. Stabilizer: to prevent or retard the polymer during processing, storage and use of chemical aging deterioration . Thermal stabilizers ; mainly for PVC and other chlorine-containing polymers , which will not affect the processing and application , but also a certain degree of thermal decomposition of delaying the action of a class of additives. Light stabilizers ; Where can inhibit or slow down the aging of optical oxygen substance called ultraviolet light stabilizer or stabilizers . Radical scavengers : a class of piperidine derivatives light stabilizer with steric effects , referred to as hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS) - aging or photoaging : molecular material long-term or short-term exposure to the sun set under strong fluorescence , due to absorption of UV energy , causing auto-oxidation reaction , leading to degradation of the polymer , making the products discoloration, brittleness , performance degradation , which can not be reused. This process is called oxidative aging or photoaging light flame retardants ; able to increase the flame resistance of the material substance called flame retardants. They are mostly first periodic table V, compound VII and combustion speed of the group III element : refers to the length of the sample per unit time of combustion . Synergistic effect : refers to two or more with the use of additives , the total effect is greater than the sum of the individual effects when used alone . Synergy system : complex flame retardant with the use of the interaction between the flame-retardant to improve performance , the system is called a synergistic effect . Synergistic systems commonly antimony - halogen system , phosphorus halide system, phosphorus - nitrogen system . Burning speed: denotes the length of the sample per unit time of combustion . Burning speed is horizontal and vertical burning combustion method to measure too . Oxygen index: refers to the sample continued to burn like a candle shape , nitrogen - oxygen mixed gas stream must minimum oxygen content. External friction : polymer materials during the molding process , the polymer melt friction between the surface and processing  PVC stabilizer equipment . Friction : polymer material during the molding process , the molten polymer molecules exist between friction. Lubricants ; polymer to reduce friction and external friction , improved melt flow plastics , polymer material during processing to prevent the sticking of the device to ensure the surface smoothness of the added substance called lubricant. Lubricants : prior to processing the plastic ingredients , add a certain compatibility with the polymer lubricant and uniformly dispersed into the material , can reduce the friction between the resin molecules sky lubrication. External lubrication in two ways: one is in the polymer material forming the lubricant coated on the surface processing apparatus , allowed to melt at processing temperatures , and the metal surface of a " thin layer " is formed , the plastic melt and processing equipment to isolate, without adhering to the equipment, or ease of stripping off the roll ; another is compatible with the polymer is very small , it is easy to migrate from inside the polymer during processing on the surface, thereby forming a spacer layer material , before the processing of the ingredients added to the plastic dispersion , and migration to the surface during processing , providing lubrication . Mold release agent: Mold and machining the workpiece remain completely chemically inert substance called a release agent . Blowing agents ; make a class of blowing agents are liquid or plastic state within a certain viscosity range of rubber, plastic material forming the microporous structure. Foaming additives: foaming process , and can be used with the blowing agent and to adjust the rate of decomposition of the blowing agent and decomposition temperature of the substance , or to improve the foaming process , the foam stability of the foam structure and improving the quality of the antistatic substance agent ; added to the resin , attached to the fuel or coated plastics , synthetic polymer material surface to prevent static electricity and liquid fuels hazard a class of chemical additives referred to as antistatic agents topical antistatic agents : the use of a coating , spray , dipping or the like so that it is attached to the plastic surface of the fiber , the durability is poor, it is also called temporary antistatic agent. In the antistatic agent used ( or kneaded antistatic agent ) : in the resin during processing ( or in the monomer during polymerization ) was added to the resin composition of an antistatic agent , because it has good durability , and called permanent antistatic agent. Coupling ; are able to improve between the filler and polymer material properties of a class of substances interface . There are two functional groups in its molecular structure : one can react with the polymer matrix , or at least a good chemical compatibility ; another forming a chemical bond with the inorganic filler . Colorants ; changes in the polymer product was added color additives to improve product appearance coloring power : means affect the ability of the paint colors mixed materials , coloring force, the smaller the amount of toner used , the cost is low . Tinting strength toner with their own characteristics , generally , the toner particle size is reduced , increasing the hiding power of the coloring power : the colorant prevents the penetration of light colored products , in other words , the problem is pointed to the size of the toner transparency , the greater the opacity , transparency worse. Mobility: the colorant to the media to material in contact bleeding or migration phenomenon. In general , inorganic salts of organic acids ( lake pigment ) migration is relatively small ; higher molecular weight were relatively low by migration of small . AR agent ; improve the transparency of the crystalline polymer additive generally used in polypropylene plastic , since the crystallization rate of the PP melt is relatively slow , large spherulites are formed easily , thus affecting its transparency. AR agents can join spherulites become microcrystalline structure , improve its transparency. Fluorescent brightener : plastics can increase the whiteness , brightness, making the colors more vibrant substance called optical brighteners. Can absorb invisible ultraviolet light , blue light into longer wavelength visible light or purple . Fungicides : ( biological inhibitors ) inhibit the growth of mold and mildew killing function . Fungicides suitable plastics mainly phenolic compounds , organometallic compounds , halogen-containing organic compounds, sulfur-containing organic compounds such as anti-fogging agent : also known as flow drops , the transparent material to prevent damage of a fog additives . Aging: In forming polymer materials , storage, structural changes in the use of the process, gradually lose value phenomenon fill in the blank plastic by nature : thermoplastics, thermosetting plastics. By Use : Universal plastics, engineering plastics . The production process of plastic , polymer, additives, processing equipment are the three main material condition. The main factors affecting the plasticizing analysis: polymer molecular force ( dispersion forces , induced forces and orientation force ) , the degree of crystallinity hydrogen plasticizer , PVC polymer resin is mainly used . Plasticizers increase presses reason : lubricating gel , free volume theory . The theory is generally considered : the plasticized polymer materials , is due to inter- molecular chain of the polymer material weaken the role of aggregation caused . Plasticizer molecules inserted between the polymer chains , the polymer chains between gravity weakens , increasing the mobility of the polymer chains , reduces the crystallinity of the polymer chains , thereby increasing the plastic polymer .

Calcium stearate uniform fine white powder

Calcium stearate uniform fine white powder. Melting point 145 ℃. Dissolved in toluene, ethanol, benzene and other organic solvents, insoluble in water. When heated to 400 ℃ slowly decomposed, flammable, met decomposition of stearic acid and corresponding calcium salt. There are absorbent, non-toxic.
Edit this paragraph purposes: heat stabilizers for PVC and other plastic processing lubricants, mold release agents and the like. In rigid products, and the base of lead salts, lead soap can increase the rate of gelation. Also used in food packaging, medical equipment and  Chrolinated polyethylene other requirements of non-toxic soft film and equipment. Can be made of polyethylene, polypropylene, halogen absorbers to eliminate the adverse effects of residual catalyst on the color and stability. As plasticizers in rubber processing, enabling natural rubber and synthetic rubber to soften the whole, and almost no effect on curing. Also used as polyolefin fibers and molded plastic lubricants, grease thickening agent, textile  aluminium stearate waterproofing agent, paint flatting agent, plasticizer manufacturing plastic labels and so on. Also used in pencil manufacturing and medicine, perfume industry. Calcium Stearate Formula: (C17H35COO) 2Ca Molecular Weight: 606 CAS NO.1592-23-0 gravity: 1.08 Technical Specifications: Index name Premium grade First grade Second grade calcium content% 6.5 ± 0.5 6.5 ± 0.6 6.5 ± 0.7 free acid (stearic acid)% ≤ 0.5 0.5 0.5 Heating loss% ≤ 2.0 3.0 3.0 Melting point ℃ 149-155 ≥ 140 ≥ 125 fineness (0.075mm sieve)% ≥ 99.5 99.0 99.0 impurities (grain) ≤ 6 12 - Micro residue (0.063mm sieve remaining)% ≤ 1.0 1.0 1.0 Whiteness% ≥ 95 90 -
Polyolefins, polyolefin acid neutralizer color stability and corrosion with direct contribution; lubricating / processing aluminium stearate  aids improve the polyolefins, polyamides, styrene-based rubber, and extrusion molding (film, fibers, copying, etc.), and press molding workability. For release of thermoplastics, thermoset rubber, and articles, such as polyurethane foam and an unsaturated polyester.

types of composite stabilizer

 Are generally pale yellow to yellow-brown oily liquid, specific gravity of 1.0-1.1 at room temperature, good heat resistance, pollution from sulfur, epoxy plasticizers and stabilizing effect can be improved by, blowing it with the activated species with . 2 liquid calcium zinc complexes
Because of the different components, varied in nature, usually pale yellow to yellow clear oily liquid at room  plastic flame retardant temperature gravity of 1.0-1.05. It is non-toxic PVC stabilizer, mainly for food packaging films, containers leather foam stabilizers. 3 basic components include: (1) a barium salt - can be alkylphenols Ba 2 - ethylhexanoate and barium laurate (composite powder used), benzoic acid and substituted benzoic acid barium neodecanate barium. Accounting for 6-7% of the barium salt of the compound, i.e., the proportion of cadmium is approximately 2:1-32 (metal note, the percentage by weight, hereinafter the same).
(2) cadmium salt - may be 2 - ethylhexanoate, cadmium laurate, cadmium, cadmium oleate, phenyl, and substituted benzoic acid, cadmium naphthenate, cadmium, cadmium neodecanoate. Approximately 3-4% of the cadmium complexes. (3) zinc salt - may be 2 - ethylhexanoate, zinc laurate (composite powder used), zinc naphthenate, zinc neodecanoate, and substituted benzoic acid such as zinc. 0.5-1% zinc in the composite.
4) aliphatic phosphite - may be triphenyl phosphite, diphenyl phosphite, an octyl diphenyl phosphite, a decyl phosphite, tris (nonylphenyl) and the like. Phosphite approximately 15-20% (by weight) in the composite, as chelating agents.
(5) Other - includes a small amount organic pigments  of 2,6 - tert-butyl-p-cresol, bisphenol A, nonyl phenol antioxidant and an ultraviolet absorber, and the liquid paraffin, white oil, diesel oil, spindle oil mineral oil solvent, and the need small amount of antifoaming agent such as a higher alcohol.
Liquid barium cadmium zinc composite stabilizer due to the composition of different nature are different. But is typically a pale yellow to yellow clear liquid, specific gravity 0.95 to 1.02 at room temperature, a viscosity less than 100 centipoise at about freezing point -15 ℃. Liquid barium cadmium zinc cadmium and barium liquid similar to have excellent thermal, light stability, initial color small, good transparency and color stability. Stabilizing effect than their solid soaps strong composite, the dosage can be reduced, usually 2-3 parts, dust poisoning does not occur, and completely dissolved in the plasticizer in general, good dispersibility, little tendency to precipitate. Wherein the liquid barium cadmium zinc early color liquid barium cadmium smaller than some.
4 low lead salt stabilizer price, good thermal stability, has been widely used, but small lead salt powder, and mixing the ingredients, the dust is inhaled it can cause lead poisoning, for which they developed a scientific and technical personnel new types of composite lead salt heat stabilizer. This symbiotic compound additive reaction techniques using three salts, metal salts and soaps in the reaction system to the nascent lubricants and various grain sizes are mixed in order to ensure sufficient heat dispersion stabilizer in the PVC system , and because of the melting of the lubricant particles, but also to avoid the poisoning caused by lead dust. Inclusive of the lead salt stabilizer compound required for processing heat stabilizer component and a lubricant component, the whole package is referred to as a heat stabilizer. It has the following advantages:
(A) the various components of the composite Flame retardant  heat stabilizer may be fully mixed in the production process, the resin is mixed with a significant improvement in the uniformity of the dispersion.
(2) mixing the formulation and simplify the measurement of frequency, to reduce the probability of loss and the resulting measurement error is brought about.
(3) simplicity of the materials supply and reserve conducive to production and quality management. (4) provide the possibility of clean production of products, improve production conditions.
In short, the composite heat stabilizer scale production conducive to the development of lead salt heat stabilizer provides a new direction. An important indicator of lead salt composite stabilizer is the content of lead, lead salt composite stabilizer lead content of current production is generally 20% -60%; usage in the production of PVC plastic window profiles for 3.5-6 parts

Brief Introduction synthetic wastewater pretreatment and paper wastewater pretreatment

 Whether or papermaking wastewater pretreatment chemical wastewater pretreatment , all belong to the sewage pretreatment kind of sewage treatment in the throat . The frequently used in the pretreatment  PVC stabilizer for pipe of aluminum sulfate or aluminum chloride , etc. coagulation . We take a look at what is the chemical wastewater pretreatment and paper wastewater pretreatment .
Synthetic wastewater pretreatment
Chemical pretreatment of the waste water system, since the fiber waste acidic or alkaline , so be neutralized before treatment , adjusted to neutral PH value , generally in the acid water and alkali , alkaline neutralization of acid waste , acid may also be used where conditions and water mix . Waste water pH adjustment , the need for pre-treatment to remove SS and oil substances, such as the use of flotation oil, coagulation and sedimentation of suspended solids and some organic substances in addition to other . Wastewater pretreatment process can improve biodegradability . After the  plastic additive pretreatment of waste water into the biological treatment units , most of the organic compounds and other contaminants are effectively removed .
Papermaking wastewater pretreatment
 Paper industry wastewater treatment plant can be divided into pre- and off-site pretreatment pretreatment, pretreatment plant is mainly white pulp for recycling water , often using filtration , flotation , etc. for recycling, can avoid a lot of pulp to the wastewater treatment system , both to improve the yield of pulp and save the cost of wastewater treatment ; outside the factory pre- materialized mainly in order to ensure access , biochemical wastewater treatment system to the greatest extent to meet the  technical requirements, enables the system to stabilize operation.
 No matter what kind of method requires water pretreatment , pretreatment mainly to improve water quality in order  Flame retardant to meet the water requirements of the process , to improve the overall effect of waste water treatment , to ensure the stability of the processing system , thus pre- in the paper industry wastewater treatment has a very important position. In addition, wastewater pretreatment , such as lime dosing can be disinfected .

Naphthenic acid prepared using aluminum sulphate aluminum soap

 Herein, aluminum sulfate prepared using aluminum naphthenate soaps. Naphthenate aluminum soap in the soap is a naphthenic acid . The naphthenic acid soap of calcium naphthenate soaps are not using the sodium and calcium salts of sodium naphthenate ( lime ) for the metathesis reaction from. We are here only for naphthenic acid aluminum soap  aluminum hydroxide simple introduction.
What is the naphthenic acid soaps of aluminum sulfate
Aluminum sulfate naphthenic naphthenic acid soap products are aluminum soap , it was yellow viscoplastic solids . Naphthenic acid sodium soap solution and the aqueous aluminum sulfate solution obtained by the reaction of the product. A mixture of a variety of different molecules , the structure is very complex. Insoluble in water. Thickeners for paints and inhibit penetration. Its character as a yellow semi-solid viscous material . Solution: do not dissolve in water, slightly soluble in ethanol , soluble  titanium dioxide in benzene , toluene, turpentine , etc. It is used as a varnish driers , but also for the preparation of lubricants.
Preparation of aluminum sulphate aluminum soap reason naphthenic
 When aluminum sulfate violently expanding when heated and become a sponge -like material . Thermal decomposition of red burn sulfur trioxide and aluminum oxide. When the relative humidity of about 25% lower weathering . Soluble in water, practically insoluble in ethanol , the solution is acidic. Long after boiling insoluble basic salt precipitation. The Metallic stearate  relative density of 1.62 . Aluminum sulfate is a widely used industrial reagent , usually with alum confusion.
Naphthenate, aluminum sulfate and aluminum soap by double decomposition reaction of sodium soap obtained . And many family members naphthenic acid soap , rich colors. Calcium naphthenate , cobalt naphthenate , lead naphthenate , manganese naphthenate . The cobalt salt is violet blue , lead salt is brown , copper green, amber zinc , manganese salt is brown. They can also be used as pesticides, paint driers and preservatives .

aluminum soap of some of the main narrative

Aluminum salts of naphthenic acids or collectively.
By the corresponding sodium soap solution and an aqueous solution of
aluminum sulfate by metathesis reaction.
Usually stearic acid, palmitic acid , oleic acid, naphthenic acid aluminum
soap .
For waterproofing agent , medicine, printing ink , paint and leather fatty
acid sodium collectively. Usually  PVC lubricants consists of oils by saponification
reaction with aqueous sodium hydroxide after the removal of glycerin is
made , but also by fatty acid and sodium hydroxide ( or sodium carbonate )
in an aqueous solution and is made directly . Sodium Soap is an anionic
surfactant, an aqueous solution of a wetting, penetration , foaming ,
dispersion and decontamination properties. Sodium soap is soap and laundry
soap and other cleaning supplies of the main raw material . Sodium soap
uses: mainly used in making cosmetics , detergents , industrial fatty acid
salt , coatings, paints , rubber , soap , water treatment agent , the basic
analytical reagents, preparation of PVC window stabilizer  analytical standards lye, a small
amount of carbon dioxide and moisture absorption agent, and sodium in the
manufacture of the acid . Manufacture of other reagents containing
hydroxide ions ; in papermaking , printing and dyeing , wastewater
treatment, electroplating, chemical drilling on are important purpose.
Metathesis reaction analysis
Metathesis of : the two compounds exchange component , generate additional
reaction of the two compounds , called metathesis reaction . Its essence is
: metathesis reaction occurs two oxidized PE WAX  substances exchange ions in aqueous
solution , with a hard material ionized ---- precipitation, gas , water,
ion concentration in the solution , the chemical reaction is the direction
toward the ion concentration proceed. Can be abbreviated as AB + CD = AD +
CB. Metathesis reaction is the essence of ions in solution combine to form
a substance with ionizing ( such as water ) , insoluble substances or
volatile gases , leaving the metathesis reaction tends to be completed . (
Can be abbreviated as : alkali salt solution , precipitation gas water
generation . Metathesis reaction in order to properly write a chemical
equation , you must memorize the common acid , alkali, salt solubility
table , proper use of the solubility .

pairs of aluminum stearate introduction

 Chinese Name: Double aluminum stearate
Alias: basic aluminum stearate ; two aluminum stearate ; two ( stearic acid ) aluminum ; dual aluminum stearate ( light ) ; distearate  inganic pigments bayerite ; basic two ( stearic acid ) aluminum
Product Name : Aluminium distearate (light)
English Synonyms : Aluminium distearate, light; Hydroxyaluminum distearate; hydroxybis (octadecanoato-o)-aluminum; ALUMINUM DISTEARATE; ALUMINIUM STEARATE, DI; aluminiumdistearate; Aluminum, hydroxybis (octadecanoato-O) -; aluminumhydroxidedistearate; aluminumhydroxydistearate; Aluminium Distearate
CAS NO. :300-92-5
EINECS :206-101-8
MF : C36H71ALO5 [1] Molecular  methyl tin stabilizer Weight: 610.93
Physical and chemical properties Appearance : White powder , insoluble in water . Soluble in ethanol , benzene, turpentine , mineral oils , alkalis . [ 2 ] heating or in case of decomposition of stearic acid and the corresponding aluminum . With aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons to form colloids.
Usage toxic for PVC heat stabilizers, metal rust inhibitors , water repellent materials , cosmetics, emulsifiers , thickeners  dibutyl phthalate  credit coatings and inks , plastics lubricants, oil drilling Defoamer

PVC impact modifier use of some

( 1 ) Chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) is the use of HDPE in the water phase of the powdery product by suspension chlorination , so as to increase the degree of chlorination of HDPE original crystals become amorphous elastomer. Used as a toughening agent C? E, containing 25-45 % amount is generally C1 . CPE wide source of low price, in addition to a toughening effect , but also has a cold resistance, weather resistance , flame resistance , and chemical resistance . At present in China is dominated by CPE impact modifiers , especially in the production of PVC pipes and profiles , most  plastic processing aid plants use CPE. Generally added in an amount of 5-15 copies. CPE can be used in conjunction with other plasticizer , such as rubber , EVA , the effect is better, but even in aging rubber additives .
(2) ACR is methyl methacrylate , acrylate monomers , ACR is best developed in recent years, impact modifiers , which can increase the impact strength of the material several times. ACR core-shell structure is an impact modifier , methyl methacrylate - ethyl acrylate composition of the shell polymer , crosslinked acrylic or butyl rubber elastic body is formed as the core of the particle distribution of the inner segment . Particularly suitable for outdoor use PVC plastic products, impact-modified PVC plastic window profiles used in the ACR as impact modifiers and other modifiers processing performance compared with the smooth surface, good aging resistance , high strength welding angle characteristics, but the price CPE, high 1 /3. Common foreign brands such as K-355, the general amount 6-10 copies. The current domestic production of the manufacturers ACR impact modifier fewer manufacturers use less.
 (3) MBS is methyl methacrylate , butadiene and styrene copolymer of the monomers . MBS between the solubility parameter of 94-9.5 , with PVC solubility parameter close, so when the good compatibility with PVC , its most important feature: After adding PVC products can be made transparent . Generally added in PVC 10-17 parts of PVC , the impact strength can be increased 6-15 times, but the MBS in amount more than 30 parts , PVC impact strength decreased. MBS itself has a good impact resistance , good transparency , light transmission rate of 90 %, and to improve the impact resistance while other properties of the resin , such as tensile strength , elongation at break little effect . MBS higher prices , often with other impact modifiers, such magnesium hydroxide flame retardant  as EAV, CPE, SBS , etc. and use . MBS poor heat resistance , weather resistance , not suitable for long-term outdoor use made ​​products, generally do not do plastic doors and windows profile production impact modifiers .
 (4) SBS is a styrene -butadiene- styrene block copolymers, also known as thermoplastic rubber, thermoplastic elastomer part , the structure can be divided into star and line two kinds. SBS ratio of styrene to butadiene is mainly 30 /70, 40 /60 , 28 / 72 , 48/ 52 several. Mainly used as HDPE, PP, PS impact modifiers in an amount 5-15 parts . SBS primary role is to improve the low temperature impact resistance . SBS poor weather, not suitable for long-term outdoor use made ​​products.
5) ABS is a styrene ( 40% -50 % ) , butadiene ( 25% -30 % ) , acrylonitrile ( 25% -30 % ) terpolymer used mainly plastic , but also with the impact of PVC modification of the modification effect is also very good low temperature impact . ABS is added in an amount of 50 parts , PVC , the  plastic processing aid impact strength can be quite pure ABS . ABS is generally added in an amount of 5-20 parts , ABS poor weather , unsuitable for long-term outdoor use products, generally do not do plastic doors and windows profile production impact modifiers .
(6) EVA is an ethylene vinyl acetate and acid copolymer, vinyl acetate changed into a crystalline polyethylene , vinyl acetate content of a large difference , and the different refractive index EVA and PVC , transparent products is difficult to obtain , therefore , often the EVA resin and used with other impact . EVA dosage of 10 parts or less .

A wide variety of PVC plasticisers

In the processing of PVC , the plasticizer used in applications with various additives to the largest , so it is much higher than other additives investment , even in some formulations softer material than the main raw material of vinyl chloride resin investments. Therefore, the importance of a plasticizer selected without saying lose.
The choice of plasticizers
 PVC is a highly polar polymer , a great intermolecular force , to be heated to a certain temperature in order to show plastic lubricant  the plastic . PVC strong intermolecular forces to make products become hard and inflexible and flexibility. The role of a plasticizer PVC to weaken the force between molecules , thereby reducing the softening temperature , reducing the melt viscosity , increase mobility and improve the processing properties of PVC and products of flexibility.
Less volatile plasticizer is usually a high boiling ester , a few are a low melting solid , they do not generally react with PVC . Conditions of use of plasticizers with the resin has good compatibility , low price, high plasticization efficiency , plasticized speed, durability ( low volatility Yi shift is small, high extraction resistance ) , environmental stability good ( light, heat resistance, bacterial resistance, chemical resistance and flame retardant ) , health is good ( to people, livestock and crops, non-toxic, non- polluting , tasteless ) , electrical insulation , good viscosity stability is good. However, a plasticizer does not satisfy all the conditions . In actual use , the majority is composed of two or more and for each other, to get the best plasticizing effect and achieve perfect performance requirements. Plasticizer in a formulation used to make the products have reached the optimum value of all the performance is impossible, therefore , to ensure that the choice of plasticizer when the first major performance requirements. Such as children's toys and food packaging and other requirements are mainly non-toxic , beautiful appearance ; plastic sheeting requirements harmless to crops , light , heat ; wire and cable materials are the main requirements and good electrical insulation . In addition to these requirements, the plasticizer should vegetable stearic acid  also focus on the selection of the following factors : PVC resin performance ; product performance required ; plasticizer processing adaptability , cost . Consider the performance of the plasticizer itself , compatibility of the plasticizer most important, it is a plasticizer selected fundamental factors must be considered . Plasticizer and resin compatibility, then plasticized high efficiency , plasticizers no segregation, no exudation , product flexibility and long service life . In the production practice , plasticizers in polymers mainly based on the compatibility with the test quality and experience antimony flame retardant  to determine. Compatibility evaluation method is simple plasticizers, resins , and a suitable solvent by mixing , to prepare a homogeneous solution was slowly cast into a film , its transparency is observed to judge. Homogeneous transparent film represents good compatibility , fuzzy means poor compatibility . Another method plasticizer PVC resin by mixing uniformly heated to plasticizing was cooled to room temperature, and observe any signs of exudate. No description plasticizer exudation good compatibility , oozing plasticizer compatibility explained more worse . According to a general rule, the more similar the easier it immiscible polar . Thus , the solubility parameter of the plasticizer and resin solubility parameter closer . Both compatibility as possible. Dielectric constant is a function of molecular polarity , dipole moment , and it is subject to great influence of hydrogen bonds . Determine the dielectric constant can be used as a plasticizer compatibility parameter. According to the solubility parameter of PVC , plasticizers generally used 8.4-11.4 solubility parameter , dielectric constant of 4-8.

plasticizer related knowledge introduction

Currently plasticizer production trends to the large, continuous, microcomputer control development, a single set of production capacity has reached 100,000 tons / year. Many varieties of serial  one pack stabilizer production has strong ability to adapt to the market , the characteristics of large production flexibility to meet different plastic processing products for special functions plasticizer varieties needs. Since DOP better value for money , production and consumption still adjacent dominance dimethyl ester , followed by DINP ( di-iso- nonyl phthalate ), DIDP ( di-iso- decyl phthalate esters ) , in addition to direct chain alcohol esters developed very rapidly , is expected to become an important species phthalates . In addition phthalate plasticizer , fatty acid esters excellent cold resistance , non-toxic epoxy  Chrolinated polyethylene esters stability , high temperature trimellitic esters , polyesters do not migrate , flame and good phosphate plasticizer structures are in a certain proportion , to form a rational structure of plasticizer production system.
First plasticizer and the resin have good compatibility, better compatibility , the better the plasticizing effect . Adding PVC plasticizer  a plasticizer to reduce the glass transition temperature of the plastic , the hard and rigid plastic to become soft and pliable . General also asked plasticizer colorless , non-toxic , odorless , light , heat, cold , volatile , and migration of small , non-flammable and chemical stability, low cost and easy to get . In fact , a plasticizer is impossible to satisfy all the above requirements, which need to select , with the use , in order to achieve satisfactory results.

Plasticizer: green alternative trend

For a long time , plasticizer DOP ( dioctyl phthalate ) and other phthalate products. With these additives in the food , pharmaceutical and industrial applications more widely, toxicity studies PVC lubricants  in it more and more attention . Found that when the blood inlet PVC storage bag body, the products that are found in the lungs with DOP . Although the DOP is carcinogenic to make people still debated, but because of its carcinogenic potential suspects , countries have taken the appropriate restrictive measures. According to the State Environmental Protection Administration of the United States Cancer Institute 's findings , has stopped six kinds of phthalates new products . At present, the domestic production of some of the main plasticizer properties, especially health, low toxicity , it is difficult to meet the environmental requirements. European Union and Russia have plastic toys imported from China , found that the presence of toxic PVC plasticizers .
DOP, DOA ( dioctyl adipate ) is of polyvinyl chloride are widely used in food wrap plasticizer species, particularly DOP been widely used in food packaging products. Since the DOA higher production costs, the domestic PVC cling film producers substantially with DOP, DBP ( dibutyl phthalate ) as a primary plasticizer. This produced cling film , used in high fat meat products , or use it to wrap food in the microwave , the plasticizer into the food more opportunities , potentially harmful to human health .
  DOP plasticizer especially considering there is a potential cancer hazard , the international community has begun to take appropriate measures to limit the use . Countries around the world have accelerated the toxic plasticizer product development efforts , especially for plastic products with high hygiene requirements based applied research . However, in our country, has been eliminated or restrict the use of foreign plasticizers such as DOP is also a great market , and the production of new enterprises for the non-toxic plasticizer is not enough emphasis on the development and promotion . Due to low prices , the domestic market 80% plasticizer DOP, DBP and so on.
Today, the endless stream of new foreign plastic additives , functional and more refined , the domestic high-end products come out , but uncommon , industry-wide technical level about 20 years behind the developed countries . For example , DBP , etc., have been disabled in many countries , our country is still mass ; GB is still listed as the DOP plasticizer for  Chrolinated polyethylene food packaging varieties. Instead , citrate , 810 , polyester , trimellitic acid ester , epoxy esters and other non-toxic, durable , better overall performance plasticizers species are developed slowly.
In recent years, the rapid development of the plastics industry as a whole environment, there is a degree of development of plastic additives , but mainly on the volume growth . Face of the global plastic additives industry, large-scale production , product specification refinement, multi-functional and development trend of environmental protection , China's plastics additives industry enterprises should be the perspective of sustainable development , increase green plasticizer product development efforts , in the industrial scale, environmental performance , and product quality, value-added and other aspects of establishing development advantages , and strive to compete in the new round of international markets for the spot .
To this end , research institutes and  Chlorinated paraffin production enterprises should strengthen cooperation to address small scale , fewer species , backward technology, consumption of fixed high and unstable product quality problems , the organization of the Commonwealth to reduce production costs and energy consumption ; strengthen research and development , to achieve comprehensive utilization , and constantly develop new varieties to meet individual needs , focusing on research and development to seize the rare earth plasticizer ; accelerate structural adjustment , highlighting the environmental needs, enhance efficiency, low toxicity product research and development , and constantly improve the performance of plastic products and expand the application areas for China to further and deeper development of the plastics industry to provide strong support.

Do you know rutile titanium dioxide

 Some minerals products, we will generally look at its composition , physical properties and chemical properties. Here's a brief look at the physical properties of rutile titanium dioxide which . In order to facilitate the selection of our future and the carbon black powder  production of titanium dioxide . 1 , the hardness according to Mohs hardness scale system is , rutile titanium dioxide 6-6.5 , anatase type titanium dioxide is 5.5 to 6.0, so the fiber matting in order to avoid wear of the nozzle hole and the use of anatase .
2 , the relative density of the white pigment used , the minimum relative density of titanium dioxide , a white pigment of the same quality , the maximum surface area of ​​the titanium dioxide pigment volume up .
3 , the dielectric constant of the high dielectric constant titania , so it has excellent electrical properties . Determination of titanium dioxide in certain physical properties , it is necessary to consider the crystallization of titanium dioxide crystal orientation . Anatase type titanium dioxide is relatively low dielectric constant , only 48 .
4, the melting and boiling points as anatase at high temperatures into rutile , anatase type titanium dioxide so the melting and boiling does not actually exist. Rutile -type titanium dioxide has only melting and boiling points , rutile -type titanium dioxide has a melting point 1850 ℃, the air in the melting point of (1830 ± 15) ℃, the melting point of oxygen 1879 ℃, the melting point of the purity of the titanium dioxide . Rutile titanium dioxide has a boiling point of (3200 ± 300) ℃, at this high temperature slightly volatile titania . 5 , although the hydrophilic absorbent titania , but  low molecular polyethylene not too strong hygroscopicity , rutile than anatase small . Hygroscopicity titania surface with a certain relationship between the size , surface area, high absorbency , but also the nature of the surface treatment .
6 , particle size distribution of titanium dioxide is a comprehensive index, which seriously affect the performance of titanium dioxide pigment and product application performance , so for hiding and dispersion directly from the discussion on the analysis of particle size distribution . Factors affecting the particle size distribution of titanium dioxide is more complicated, the first original particle size hydrolysis , by controlling and regulating hydrolysis conditions , the primary particle size within a certain range . Followed by calcination temperature , the heat stabilizer for pipe  calcination process metatitanic , the particles undergo a transformation of crystalline phase and growth, control of the right temperature, the particles grow in a certain range. Finally is the product of crushing, usually Raymond transformation and analyzer speed regulation, control grinding quality, while other grinding equipment can be used , for example: universal mill, jet mill and hammer mill equipment .
 7 , the conductivity of titanium dioxide having a semiconductor performance , its conductivity increases with increase in temperature rapidly increased, and also very sensitive to hypoxia . Rutile titanium dioxide dielectric and semiconductor nature of the electronics industry is very important, titanium dioxide manufacturers can take advantage of the nature of the production of ceramic capacitors and other electronic components .
8, the thermal stability is good thermal stability of the titanium dioxide material .

PVC impact modifier some kind described

PVC impact modifier is sometimes also from the plasticizing effect , it can also be seen as a plasticizer , while for PVC resin impact modifier are summarized as follows :
 ( 1 ) Chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) is the use of HDPE in the water phase of the powdery product by suspension chlorination , so as to increase the degree of chlorination of HDPE original crystals become amorphous elastomer. Used as a toughening agent C? E, containing 25-45 % amount fluorescent brightener  is generally C1 . CPE wide source of low price, in addition to a toughening effect , but also has a cold resistance, weather resistance , flame resistance , and chemical resistance . At present in China is dominated by CPE impact modifiers , especially in the production of PVC pipes and profiles , most plants use CPE. Generally added in an amount of 5-15 copies. CPE can be used in conjunction with other plasticizer , such as rubber , EVA , the effect is better, but even in aging rubber additives .
 (2) ACR is methyl methacrylate , acrylate monomers , ACR is best developed in recent years, impact modifiers , which can increase the impact strength of the material several times. ACR core-shell structure is an impact modifier , methyl methacrylate - ethyl acrylate composition of the shell polymer , crosslinked acrylic or butyl rubber elastic body is formed as the core of the particle distribution of the inner segment . Particularly suitable for outdoor use PVC plastic products, impact-modified PVC plastic window profiles used in the ACR as impact modifiers and other modifiers processing performance compared with the smooth surface, good aging resistance , high strength welding angle characteristics, but the price CPE, high 1 /3. Common foreign brands such as K-355, the general amount 6-10 copies. The current domestic production of the manufacturers ACR impact modifier fewer manufacturers use less.
 ( 3 methyl methacrylate , butadiene and styrene copolymer of the monomers . MBS 94-9.5 a solubility parameter between the solubility parameter close to that of PVC , PVC is therefore compatible with the better, it 's most important feature: after adding PVC products can be made transparent . generally added in PVC 10-17 copies can be improved impact strength of PVC 6-15 times, but the MBS in amount more than 30 parts , PVC but decreased the impact strength . MBS itself has a good impact resistance , good transparency , light transmission rate of 90 %, and to improve the impact resistance  heat stabilizer for panel while other properties of the resin , such as tensile strength, breaking elongation little effect on growth rate , etc. . MBS higher prices , often with other impact modifiers, such as EAV, CPE, SBS , etc. and use . MBS poor heat resistance , weather resistance is poor, that are unsuitable for long-term outdoor use of products , generally do not make plastic window and door profile production impact modifiers used .
 (4) SBS is a styrene -butadiene- styrene block copolymers, also known as thermoplastic rubber, thermoplastic elastomer part , the structure can be divided into star and line two kinds. SBS ratio of styrene to butadiene is mainly 30 /70, 40 /60 , 28 / 72 , 48/ 52 several. Mainly used as HDPE, PP, PS impact modifiers in an amount 5-15 parts . SBS primary role is to improve the low temperature impact resistance . SBS poor weather, not suitable for long-term outdoor use made ​​products. (5) ABS is a styrene ( 40% -50 % ) , butadiene ( 25% -30 % ) , acrylonitrile ( 25% -30 % ) terpolymer used mainly plastic , PVC is also used impact modified , low-temperature impact modifiers also very effective. ABS is added in an amount of 50 parts , PVC , the impact strength can be quite pure ABS . ABS is generally added in an amount of 5-20 parts , ABS poor weather , unsuitable for long-term outdoor use  titanium dioxide anatase products, generally do not do plastic doors and windows profile production impact modifiers . (6) EVA is an ethylene vinyl acetate and acid copolymer, vinyl acetate changed into a crystalline polyethylene , vinyl acetate content of a large difference , and the different refractive index EVA and PVC , transparent products is difficult to obtain , therefore , often the EVA resin and used with other impact . EVA dosage of 10 parts or less .

non-toxic plasticizer simple description

 When it comes to plasticizers, plasticizers what we will think , ah, ah how I heard that some such similar problems, in fact, we have a lot of life added plasticizer things. We want some drunk beverage plastic bottle washer , it is to add a plasticizer effect. This is what we have to say in health problems . We have some kids are not only a drink , it is white foaming agent  often in direct contact with the bottle mouth , thus indirectly and plastic washers contacts among which there is a security risk. Although China has been developing and this demanding but non-toxic plasticizer , but our research and production is still a large gap with the developed countries , which we need to work with the plasticizer manufacturers struggled . So a lot of our attention on these small issues , in order to avoid unwittingly endanger our own health. But we need not live in fear face plasticizer is not necessary anxious fact, according to the way of life of modern society is entirely escape phthalate esters is almost impossible , but there is no need  PVC stabilizer to over- nervous, because normal life the exposure to the plasticizer risk of harm to the human body can be ignored .
    In the next time we come together to talk about how to reduce plasticizer in life hazard .
Why can metal soap odor
Metal soap a metal other than an alkali metal , a metal oxide or salt and a fatty acid , rosin acid , naphthenic acid soap derived role . Metallic soap can not be direct saponification of fats , sodium fatty acid soap and are based on the corresponding metal salt solution was prepared by metathesis reaction , also useful for fatty acid and metal powder Plastic impact modifier  obtained melting method , but the quality is not high. Common metallic soap of calcium , magnesium, zinc , lead, aluminum , manganese, iron , cobalt , nickel, molybdenum , barium , cadmium and so on. Generally insoluble in water, insoluble in ethanol most , some can be dissolved in turpentine or ligroin , some can be dispersed in the other organic solvents or drying oil . Germany invented the metal soap is the patented product , made ​​of stainless steel alloy, shape and ordinary soap is no different , the use of the methods of physics ( catalytic effect ) decomposition of macromolecules

PVC heat stabilizers for some special cases

The development of PVC stabilizers lot of convenience to our lives , each of R & D will be derived additives affect our lives PVC products , PVC material is polyvinyl chloride , in life can be seen everywhere , making pipe corrosion , pipe fittings, pipelines, pumps black iron oxide  and blowers . PVC hard board is widely used in the chemical industry on the production of a variety of tank lining , building corrugated board , doors and windows structure , wall decorations and other construction material . As electrical insulation performance, in electrical and electronic industry, for the manufacture of plugs, sockets , switches and cables. In everyday life , used in the manufacture of PVC sandals, raincoat, toys and artificial leather . These PVC products affect our lives.
Driven by increased demand for PVC products PVC stabilizer which the development of this industry . PVC products affect our lives so PVC stabilizers are increasingly close to the lives of the development of  yellow iron oxide life . PVC stabilizer industry development of this industry is also rapid development. Additives trend is towards non-toxic , multifunctional. Complex nature . Molecular technology , formulation auxiliaries and containerization technology progressed rapidly and other characteristics.
Development of stabilizers for PVC additives tend Development of non-toxic non-toxic pollution tends to develop Cd, Pb stabilizers alternatives very active research and development , Ba-Zn, Ca-Zn composite metal such as heat stabilizer and organic tin , organo-antimony stabilizers faster product development , large consumption ; vitamin E is used as the polyolefin "green" antioxidants have been put to practical use , is expected to become a substitute for BHT , Tim Wyatt first developed countries of Ba-Zn, Ca non-toxic and environmentally -Zn stabilizer into the market by the well market reaction.
Multifunctional additives trend
Multifunctional additives variety development has made great progress , antistatic plasticizer , flame retardant plasticizers, stabilizers are versatile products available.
Stabilizers for PVC compound type additives and containerization trend
Synergies between various additives according to the principle of re-dubbed the additive helps assembled in one convenient plastic processing and full automation. Complex products often seen  iron oxide black in primary hindered phenolic antioxidants and phosphite antioxidants should month vinegar auxiliary system, and collection of aids wheat is mainly used for PVC processing areas.
Trends molecular weight stabilizers for PVC
Stabilizing additives, plasticizers, flame retardants and other product development progress reflects this trend . In the stabilizing agent , the high molecular weight of 150 hindered amine light stabilizer shows both the effect of thermal oxidation , high molecular weight plasticizer having a resistance out ; molecular weight and the heat resistance and flame retardant resin compatibility obtain improved.
PVC stabilizer future is certainly diversify towards green and healthy environment . Part of our lives .

​​PVC and so on types and effects

1, PA coating, also known as AC glue coating, namely acrylic coating, the most common is the most common kind of coating after coating can increase the feel, windproof, drape.
 2, PU coating, namely polyurethane coating, coated fabric feels plump and elastic, surface membrane sense.
3, anti-velvet coat, referring to anti-feather coat, ran down after coating can prevent velvet, suitable for yellow iron oxide  jacket fabrics. But
Layer where water pressure required PA coating, also called anti-velvet coating. 4, PA white glue coated surface of the fabric is coated with a layer of white acrylic resin, to increase the covering rate of canvas, impermeable
Color, and make fabric colors more vivid.
5, PU white plastic coating, that fabric coated with a layer of white polyurethane resin, the role of basic white glue with PA, but PU white coating after feel more full, more flexible fabric fastness better.
 6, PA silver plastic coating on the surface of the fabric that is coated with a layer of silver white glue, the fabric has a shading function of radiation, generally used for curtains, tents, clothing.
  7, PU silver plastic coating, the basic function of silver plastic with PA coating. But PU silver fabric has better flexibility, better prison, tents and other requirements for high pressure fabric, PU silvering relative PA silvering better.
8, pearlescent coating on the surface of the fabric through pearlescent coating, the fabric surface with a pearl-like luster, white and silver color
Color. Made clothing is very beautiful. There PA and PU pearl pearl of the points, PU pearl pearlescent more than PA smooth and bright, film feeling better, more "pearl film" reputation.
9, shiny coating after coating surface smooth and bright, generally applicable doing tablecloth.
10, silicone elastomer coating, also  organic pigments known as a sense of coated paper. Very suitable for thin cotton shirt fabric, feel full,
Very brittle and flexible, and highly resilient, anti-wrinkle. For thick fabrics, good elasticity, good fastness. 11, a film coating, the surface of the fabric by calendering and coating film formed on the surface of the fabric, weaving complete change
Matter of style. Generally positive film surface made of clothing, there is leather style. There are two kinds of matt and bright, and add a variety of colors in the coating film made of colorful, very beautiful.
12, a fire-retardant coating, padding, or by coating the fabric, the fabric has a flame retardant effect. And the one pack stabilizer  surface of the fabric
Painted color or silver. Generally used as curtains, tents, clothing and so on.
 13, Teflon three anti-treatment, through the fabric treated with Teflon Du Bangte, the fabric has a waterproof, oil and stain features.
14, anti-UV coating by UV treatment of the fabric, the fabric has a UV-function, which
The ability to block UV penetration. Generally more difficult to do light, dark easier compliance.
15, there is a special coating for cotton, such as: cotton scraping color coated paper sense coatings, wash the old coating, hidden pattern coating sense waxy oil coating color film coating and so on.

diamond fluorescence intensity grading

The fluorescence intensity of the diamond grading about 50 % of the diamonds in ultraviolet radiation will produce azodicarbonamide  fluorescence, diamond fluorescence color, intensity of the diamond 's appearance ( body color ) have a certain influence , and sometimes even affect the price of diamonds , which is diamond fluorescence intensity grading significance. diamond fluorescence of the most common color is blue and white , followed by yellow and white , yellow, green , orange and other colors. above with moderate-intensity blue-white fluorescent colorless diamond will look more white, such as "Jager diamonds ." strong blue-white fluorescence also available with light yellow diamond yellow body color complementary , looks nearly colorless , improved color grade diamond if diamond yellow fluorescence , in any case will cause lower color grade diamond . too strong fluorescence will make the diamond rendered hazy oily , reducing the transparency of the diamond , affecting the clarity of the diamond , such as the "Pre mier ¨ ultra Blue Diamond fluorescence also many jewelers to create a sense of mystery and surprise .1 fluorescence intensity level fluorescence intensity (flourescence degree) is a diamond in the long visible under UV irradiation intensity level . China's " diamond grading " standard, the diamond 's fluorescence intensity level is divided into strong , weak , no four grades . CIBJO fluorescence levels also put into four grades . GIA is classified as strong , strong , weak , no five levels .2 fluorescence intensity grading method
Fluorescence intensity was graded by visual approach , in the long UV , fluorescence intensity reference standards like stone , the diamond grading fluorescence intensity Fluorescence intensity sample (masterstone flourescence degree) is the fluorescence intensity level of a set of calibration standards round brilliant cut stone like cobalt stone . usually consists of three components , in turn stands for " strong" , "medium" , "weak" three levels lower . following steps: ( a ) the fluorescent sample by strong, medium , weak order, from left to right in the ultraviolet fluorescent lamp placed equidistant black box . ( 2 ) open length ultraviolet light switches . ( 3 ) to be graded diamonds gripping tweezers , place the titanium dioxide  camera obscura ultraviolet fluorescent in comparison with the fluorescence intensity of the sample to determine the fluorescence intensity level .
 3 Fluorescence intensity level sharing rule ( 1 ) if the classification of the diamond to be higher than the fluorescence intensity of the fluorescence intensity of the comparative sample in the " strong '', still with the" strong " indicates the fluorescence intensity level of the diamond (2 ) when the diamond to be graded the fluorescence intensity of the fluorescence intensity is lower than the comparative sample in the " weak" , the use of " none" represents the level of fluorescence intensity diamond (3 ) subject to a classification of a diamond and the same comparative sample fluorescence intensity , fluorescence intensity of the sample level is to be graded diamonds fluorescence intensity level . ( 4 ) to be graded diamonds between fluorescence intensity between adjacent two comparative samples , the lower -level representatives to be graded diamonds fluorescence intensity level . ( 5 ) the same fluorescence intensity diamonds, fluorescence intensity , there will be a slight difference. ( 6 ) in addition to the fluorescence intensity to be marked , the need to mark the fluorescent colors.
The fluorescence intensity of magnesium stearate  the diamond is a diamond grading report content , can not be compared with the color grading . Commercially, high color grade (H colors or more ) , high clarity (VS and above ) if diamonds have medium blue and white fluorescent its price is often lower than the non-fluorescent diamonds 1010 to 10%, the fluorescence is stronger, the greater the impact on prices , while slightly yellow diamond (I color less ) than if a medium blue and white fluorescent , can increase up to 4% weak fluorescence and low clarity diamond fluorescence little impact on prices . diamond prices with yellow fluorescence can often save 5 % to 10% , but the real diamond trade , few people put a fluorescent and non-fluorescent diamonds detailed separately . therefore fluorescence actual impact on diamond prices significance.

fire retardant classification

Flame retardants can be classified according to their use additive flame

retardant and reactive flame retardant. Flame retardant additives usually

added to the Glycrin monostearate  manner in conjunction with the base resin, and the resin

between them just a simple physical mixture; reactive flame retardant is

generally a molecule containing reactive elements and group-containing

monomer, such as a halogenated anhydrides, halogenated bisphenol-and

phosphorus-containing polyols and the like, because of its reactivity, can

be chemically bonded to the molecular chain of the resin, a plastic resin

part, most reactive flame retardant additive type structure or synthetic

monomer. Chemical composition according to the different flame retardants

can be divided into inorganic and organic flame retardants. Inorganic flame

retardants include aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, antimony oxide,

zinc borate, and red phosphorus, etc., halogenated organic flame mostly

organic bromides and organic chlorides, phosphates, halogenated phosphates,

nitrogen phosphorus-based flame retardants and intumescent flame

retardants. Smoke suppressant effect is to reduce the amount of flame-

retardant materials and toxic smoke emission of harmful gases, mostly for

molybdenum compounds, tin compounds and iron-based compounds. Although

antimony trioxide and  titanium dioxide anatase zinc borate also smoke suppression, but is often used

as a flame retardant synergist and therefore classified as a flame

retardant system.
Flame retardant properties of the vast majority of a hard plastic

indicator, conventional flame retardant is used in halogen-containing flame

retardant. Combustion of halogenated flame retardant materials produce a

lot of smoke and toxic corrosive gases will cause secondary damage. Common

ingredients are phosphorus flame retardant formulations compound, a

silicon-based flame retardant, nitrogen-based flame retardants and metal

hydroxides, etc. Volatile combustion does not produce corrosive gases,

pollution-free flame retardants are known. Flame retardant is added to

phase in the  pvc additive material suitable halogen flame retardant to achieve the

purpose, and to avoid secondary damage caused containing halogens.