Pack nuclear tribasic lead sulfate is a low- lead PVC heat stabilizers , due to its creative use of nuclear technology package will be is still widely used, a large proportion of the market in the PVC stabilizer stabilizer tribasic lead sulfate coated surfaces made of fine particles of inert filler novel packet core tribasic lead sulfate , significantly organic pigments reducing the toxic levels of lead and maintain their excellent performance and stability. Which are widely used in the processing of PVC pipes, fittings , profiles , wire and cable , pinch and so on.
In this paper, synthetic bag nuclear tribasic lead sulfate for a more in-depth research , experimental study of the optimal synthesis conditions . Methods are inert or semi- inert material selected as the core , its surface is uniformly coated with a layer of a tribasic lead sulfate thickness. Through the experiment, the reaction involved in the process parameters and reaction conditions ( such as reaction temperature, concentration of lead , covering the amount of water to feed ratio ) were optimized to prepare a Optical brightener low lead content package nuclear tribasic lead sulfate with traditional tribasic lead sulfate were compared with experiments. Experimental results show that : In making the overall performance is not affected all aspects of the premise of reducing the lead content of the experiment , thus reducing costs , reducing environmental pollution , broadening the sources of raw materials , with good economic and social benefits.
PVC plasticizer
2014年3月25日星期二
Thermal stabilizers microcapsules WSD intenal lubricantgood compatibility with PVC
PVC as wall material , hydrotalcite, calcium / zinc composite heat stabilizer as core materials, preparation of an efficient, environmentally friendly PVC composite stabilizer microcapsules , and discusses the optimal preparation of the microcapsules . The results showed organic pigments that the microcapsules prepared solid content of 15% , when the stirring speed of 600r/min, the stirring time is 160min, the non-solvent solvent such as tetrahydrofuran and ethylene glycol ratio of 5:3 , the amount of emulsifier is 3% Span80 The resulting microcapsules compact structure , particle size distribution 100 ~ 450μm. The heat stabilizer microcapsules with a certain prospect. By following five study concluded . These five areas are: the impact of the solid content of the microcapsules , solvent and non- solvent ratio of the impact of the microcapsules , stirring affect the speed of the microcapsules , stirring time of microcapsules , the microcapsules emulsifier affected. Optical brightener Conclusion : the optimal preparation of the microcapsules may be: a solid content of 15% , stirring speed of 600r/min, the stirring time 160min, the mass ratio of solvent and non- solvent is tetrahydrofuran, ethylene glycol is 5:3 , the amount of emulsifier Span80 3% , ambient temperature and pressure , etc. can be filtered and dried to obtain the particle size distribution of the microcapsules 100 ~ 450μm. This heat stabilizer microcapsules good compatibility with PVC , thermal stability and mechanical properties under further study.
2014年3月13日星期四
PVC lubricant analysis on data obtained from the rheometer
Liquidity and inversely proportional to the viscosity of the melt viscosity and is proportional to the torque. Therefore, the better the melt flow, the lower the torque. The results are given in three WSD Calcium stearate torque value in the torque rheometer, which is the minimum torque, maximum torque (torque plasticizer), and the balance torque. The author believes that the plasticizing torque evaluate lubricant to improve the liquidity of the most important indicators of PVC resin. Of course, the minimum torque and torque balance also has certain reference but they are a very good correspondence between the plasticizing torque, general plasticizing torque, minimum torque and torque balance is large, and vice versa. I also WSD Titanium dioxide rutile believe that the plasticizing effects of rotation torque device energy consumption is much larger than the actual processing equipment affect the balance of torque. There are two reasons: ① in the general proximity rigid PVC formulations are useful ACR processing aid, in this case, the torque value changes plasticized different lubrication systems is large, the WSD Aluminum hydroxide torque balance is not very significant change [8]; ② various reasons (such as to avoid thermal decomposition, improved productivity, etc.) wishes to process the molten material balance as the torque corresponding to a shorter time, i.e., after reaching the expected degree of plasticized plastic melt leave processing equipment as soon as possible. Although only a plasticizing peak torque, but the plasticizing time of the peak corresponding to the integral of the area (energy consumption), but much greater than the torque corresponding to the balance of the integrated area of time (energy consumption). It has also been proved: plasticizers torque only a few percent of large, integral surface because it is large, it also consumes a lot of energy, processing equipment due to overburdened
2014年1月17日星期五
Paraffin put more put less plasticizer is internal / external lubricant
pvc products , the wax is put more plasticizers, put less is internal / external lubricant ?
Paraffin said here refers to the full name of " wax " or " paraffin " ?
I read some of the recipe data , some WSD Titanium dioxide rutile put more than 20 PHR , put some 0.5 PHR.
2 . Put more than 20 PHR definitely soft products plasticizer use , and that this situation will not have a lubricating effect ? Inside or outside lubrication lubrication ?
3 release 0.5 PHR , is not no use as a plasticizer ? Only as a lubricant ? Inside or outside lubrication lubrication ? And this ratio is only hard copies of articles for the formulation , and not for WSD Plastic impact modifier the soft goods formulations are typical chlorinated plasticizer . Copies may want to add to the dozens . All adds a plasticizer has the role of lubrication . But within five hardware products , or the need to add additional components within the slide . Added to 20 parts plus without actually depends on the slip process , as well as product performance, such as the current size of the host processing .
Paraffin is carbon saturated hydrocarbons , petrochemicals inside out , which is used in pvc play a significant WSD Polyethylene wax role outside the slide , add the amount is generally less than 1 .
The role of the gap between the two played in pvc processing is relatively large . See you write so seriously , I suggest you book early aspects of pvc look , or online to understand their role under the type of pvc accessories . Easy to understand for the recipe .
Paraffin said here refers to the full name of " wax " or " paraffin " ?
I read some of the recipe data , some WSD Titanium dioxide rutile put more than 20 PHR , put some 0.5 PHR.
2 . Put more than 20 PHR definitely soft products plasticizer use , and that this situation will not have a lubricating effect ? Inside or outside lubrication lubrication ?
3 release 0.5 PHR , is not no use as a plasticizer ? Only as a lubricant ? Inside or outside lubrication lubrication ? And this ratio is only hard copies of articles for the formulation , and not for WSD Plastic impact modifier the soft goods formulations are typical chlorinated plasticizer . Copies may want to add to the dozens . All adds a plasticizer has the role of lubrication . But within five hardware products , or the need to add additional components within the slide . Added to 20 parts plus without actually depends on the slip process , as well as product performance, such as the current size of the host processing .
Paraffin is carbon saturated hydrocarbons , petrochemicals inside out , which is used in pvc play a significant WSD Polyethylene wax role outside the slide , add the amount is generally less than 1 .
The role of the gap between the two played in pvc processing is relatively large . See you write so seriously , I suggest you book early aspects of pvc look , or online to understand their role under the type of pvc accessories . Easy to understand for the recipe .
2014年1月7日星期二
Component structure and application details of anatase titanium dioxide
First, the composition and structure of the rapid development of anatase titanium dioxide industry , anatase titanium dioxide industry has undergone great changes. So I believe the application of its products, netizens have also had a lot of knowledge and understanding. Here are the experts gives a detailed introduction. ( A ) , oil and water-based cosmetics into the anatase titanium dioxide , due to its chemical stability, high refractive index , high hiding power , whiteness is very good, and PVC lubricants pollution , it is widely used in the field of cosmetics , from cosmetic whitening effect.
Features : ①, whiteness, hiding power is very strong. ②, the weather is very strong , suitable sunscreen whitening system. Usage and dosage : ①, widely used in cosmetic whitening powder, foundation, powder , pearl cream , facial mask, sunscreen and other cosmetic products. ②, sufficiently dispersed into the powder medium and then added to the system used , must ensure the uniform dispersion added . ( Two ) , cosmetic grade titanium dioxide Security: This series has been tested not hazardous to humans . And eye contact may cause mild eye discomfort . When in contact with the skin , does not appear adverse reactions. Enamel transparency with anatase titanium dioxide prepared , and has a small mass , impact resistance, good mechanical properties, colorful, easy to pollution.
(C ) Application Guide: wherein the aqueous dispersion of titanium dioxide can be easily added to the water , stir dispersed into the emulsion . Optional polyol is water dispersible carrier , you can easily and most reasonable use with cosmetics . Made of human skin slightly acidic , so weakly acidic skin care products should be matched . Second, the application performance with details Note We know that in everyday life we are exposed from time to time on the application of titanium dioxide , for example, cosmetics, paints and the like, then the performance of Chlorinated paraffin specific applications for titanium dioxide , what does ? Here are some detailed description: 1 , and the main way to improve the stability of anatase titanium dioxide whiteness affect the elements of anatase titanium dioxide whiteness there are many, for example, have an impact mineral resources , but also the impact of equipment and key technologies. Proved by several major factors affecting the degree of whiteness are: quality hydrolysis , removal of the impurity element and calcination conditions .
Anatase titanium dioxide hydrolysis technology , currently in the country have mainly two types of pressurized and atmospheric hydrolysis , hydrolysis and product quality from the point of view, the quality of atmospheric hydrolysis under normal circumstances are better, hydrolysis uniform particle size . To ensure good water quality , must take the concentrated liquid titanium quality indicators , control iron titanium ratio and solid content within the specified range , while increasing control of the operating conditions of hydrolysis . 2 , by surface treatment to improve application performance titanium dioxide powder is a very strong polarity , the hydrophilic nature is oleophobic , if the adsorption air and other types of pollutants , the dispersibility of the water relatively low, we often need to be processed on its surface , the treating agent is used frequently hydrated alumina and hydrated silica. 3, stable particle size distribution of titanium dioxide , titanium dioxide dispersion and improved ways to stearic acid hiding on the titanium dioxide particle size distribution is a more complex indicators , which it has serious implications for the application of titanium dioxide pigment performance and product performance , therefore, dispersion of research we can analyze directly from the particle size distribution. Elements on the titanium dioxide particle size distribution is relatively complex , the first primary particle size hydrolysis , the hydrolysis by the control and regulating method for making the primary particle size can be maintained within a certain range. Followed by calcination temperature , calcination metatitanic process , the particles undergo a transformation of crystalline phase and growth, proper control of temperature, so that the growth of particles can be maintained within a certain range.
Features : ①, whiteness, hiding power is very strong. ②, the weather is very strong , suitable sunscreen whitening system. Usage and dosage : ①, widely used in cosmetic whitening powder, foundation, powder , pearl cream , facial mask, sunscreen and other cosmetic products. ②, sufficiently dispersed into the powder medium and then added to the system used , must ensure the uniform dispersion added . ( Two ) , cosmetic grade titanium dioxide Security: This series has been tested not hazardous to humans . And eye contact may cause mild eye discomfort . When in contact with the skin , does not appear adverse reactions. Enamel transparency with anatase titanium dioxide prepared , and has a small mass , impact resistance, good mechanical properties, colorful, easy to pollution.
(C ) Application Guide: wherein the aqueous dispersion of titanium dioxide can be easily added to the water , stir dispersed into the emulsion . Optional polyol is water dispersible carrier , you can easily and most reasonable use with cosmetics . Made of human skin slightly acidic , so weakly acidic skin care products should be matched . Second, the application performance with details Note We know that in everyday life we are exposed from time to time on the application of titanium dioxide , for example, cosmetics, paints and the like, then the performance of Chlorinated paraffin specific applications for titanium dioxide , what does ? Here are some detailed description: 1 , and the main way to improve the stability of anatase titanium dioxide whiteness affect the elements of anatase titanium dioxide whiteness there are many, for example, have an impact mineral resources , but also the impact of equipment and key technologies. Proved by several major factors affecting the degree of whiteness are: quality hydrolysis , removal of the impurity element and calcination conditions .
Anatase titanium dioxide hydrolysis technology , currently in the country have mainly two types of pressurized and atmospheric hydrolysis , hydrolysis and product quality from the point of view, the quality of atmospheric hydrolysis under normal circumstances are better, hydrolysis uniform particle size . To ensure good water quality , must take the concentrated liquid titanium quality indicators , control iron titanium ratio and solid content within the specified range , while increasing control of the operating conditions of hydrolysis . 2 , by surface treatment to improve application performance titanium dioxide powder is a very strong polarity , the hydrophilic nature is oleophobic , if the adsorption air and other types of pollutants , the dispersibility of the water relatively low, we often need to be processed on its surface , the treating agent is used frequently hydrated alumina and hydrated silica. 3, stable particle size distribution of titanium dioxide , titanium dioxide dispersion and improved ways to stearic acid hiding on the titanium dioxide particle size distribution is a more complex indicators , which it has serious implications for the application of titanium dioxide pigment performance and product performance , therefore, dispersion of research we can analyze directly from the particle size distribution. Elements on the titanium dioxide particle size distribution is relatively complex , the first primary particle size hydrolysis , the hydrolysis by the control and regulating method for making the primary particle size can be maintained within a certain range. Followed by calcination temperature , calcination metatitanic process , the particles undergo a transformation of crystalline phase and growth, proper control of temperature, so that the growth of particles can be maintained within a certain range.
2013年12月23日星期一
PVC impact modifier which species
PVC impact modifier and sometimes also from the plasticizing effect , it can also be seen as a plasticizer and an impact modifier for PVC resin are the following :
( A ) chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) using the product of HDPE powder was suspended in an aqueous phase chlorination , so as to increase the degree of chlorination of the original crystalline HDPE become amorphous elastomer. Used as a toughening agent C? E, typically containing 25-45 volume % C1 . CPE wide sources , low prices, in addition to a toughening effect , but also has a cold resistance, weather resistance , flame resistance , and chemical resistance . Currently in our country is dominated PVC window stabilizer by the CPE impact modifiers, especially in the production of PVC pipes and profiles , most factories use CPE. Amount is generally 5-15 copies. CPE can be used in conjunction with other toughening agents , such as rubber , EVA , etc. , the better , but the rubber additives intolerance aging.
(2) ACR methyl methacrylate , copolymers of acrylic acid ester monomer , ACR impact modifier is best developed in recent years , it can increase the impact strength of the material several times . ACR core-shell structure are an impact modifier , methyl methacrylate - ethyl acrylate composition of the shell polymer , the rubber elastic body segment to the crosslinked butyl acrylate is formed on the particle distribution of the inner core . In particular, impact modified for outdoor use PVC plastic products , PVC plastic window profiles using as an impact modifier ACR compared with other modifiers have good processing performance , smooth surface, anti-aging , high strength fillet features , but the price is more than CPE, high 1 /3. Common foreign brands such as K-355, the general amount of 6-10 parts . Current domestic production manufacturers ACR impact modifier fewer manufacturers use less.
(3) MBS is methyl methacrylate , and styrene- butadiene copolymer of the monomers . MBS solubility parameter between 94-9.5 , close to the solubility parameter of PVC , so when good compatibility with PVC , it 's most important feature: After joining PVC products can be made transparent . Usually the person added 10-17 parts of PVC , PVC can be 6-15 times the impact strength , but the amount more than 30 MBS phr , PVC impact strength decreased. MBS itself has good impact resistance, transparency, and Plastic impact modifier light transmittance of more than 90 %, and at the same time to improve the impact resistance of the resin other properties , such as tensile strength , elongation at break little effect . MBS higher price , often with other impact modifiers, such as EAV, CPE, SBS and the like used . MBS poor heat resistance , poor weather, do not suitable for long-term use of outdoor products, generally do not do plastic window profiles produced by the impact modifier . (4) SBS styrene , butadiene , styrene ternary block copolymer , also known as thermoplastic rubber, thermoplastic elastomers belonging to its structure can be divided into two kinds of star and linear . Ratio of styrene and butadiene SBS is mainly 30 /70, 40 /60 , 28 / 72 , 48/ 52 several. Mainly used as HDPE, PP, PS impact modifier in an amount 5-15 parts . SBS its main role is to improve the low temperature impact resistance. SBS poor weather, do not suitable for long-term use of outdoor products . (5) ABS styrene ( 40% -50 % ) , butadiene ( 25% -30 % ) , acrylonitrile ( 25% -30 % ) terpolymer used mainly plastics , are also used as PVC impact modified, low-temperature impact modifiers also very effective . When added in an amount of 50 parts of ABS , PVC and the impact strength can be quite pure ABS. ABS is generally added in an amount of 5-20 parts , ABS poor weather , suitable for long-term outdoor use products, generally do not processing aid do plastic window profiles produced by the impact modifier . (6) EVA is a copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate acid , vinyl acetate is introduced to change the crystallinity of polyethylene , vinyl acetate content of large difference , and the different refractive index EVA and PVC , transparent products is difficult to obtain , therefore , often the EVA resin and used with other impact . EVA added in an amount of 10 parts or less.
( A ) chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) using the product of HDPE powder was suspended in an aqueous phase chlorination , so as to increase the degree of chlorination of the original crystalline HDPE become amorphous elastomer. Used as a toughening agent C? E, typically containing 25-45 volume % C1 . CPE wide sources , low prices, in addition to a toughening effect , but also has a cold resistance, weather resistance , flame resistance , and chemical resistance . Currently in our country is dominated PVC window stabilizer by the CPE impact modifiers, especially in the production of PVC pipes and profiles , most factories use CPE. Amount is generally 5-15 copies. CPE can be used in conjunction with other toughening agents , such as rubber , EVA , etc. , the better , but the rubber additives intolerance aging.
(2) ACR methyl methacrylate , copolymers of acrylic acid ester monomer , ACR impact modifier is best developed in recent years , it can increase the impact strength of the material several times . ACR core-shell structure are an impact modifier , methyl methacrylate - ethyl acrylate composition of the shell polymer , the rubber elastic body segment to the crosslinked butyl acrylate is formed on the particle distribution of the inner core . In particular, impact modified for outdoor use PVC plastic products , PVC plastic window profiles using as an impact modifier ACR compared with other modifiers have good processing performance , smooth surface, anti-aging , high strength fillet features , but the price is more than CPE, high 1 /3. Common foreign brands such as K-355, the general amount of 6-10 parts . Current domestic production manufacturers ACR impact modifier fewer manufacturers use less.
(3) MBS is methyl methacrylate , and styrene- butadiene copolymer of the monomers . MBS solubility parameter between 94-9.5 , close to the solubility parameter of PVC , so when good compatibility with PVC , it 's most important feature: After joining PVC products can be made transparent . Usually the person added 10-17 parts of PVC , PVC can be 6-15 times the impact strength , but the amount more than 30 MBS phr , PVC impact strength decreased. MBS itself has good impact resistance, transparency, and Plastic impact modifier light transmittance of more than 90 %, and at the same time to improve the impact resistance of the resin other properties , such as tensile strength , elongation at break little effect . MBS higher price , often with other impact modifiers, such as EAV, CPE, SBS and the like used . MBS poor heat resistance , poor weather, do not suitable for long-term use of outdoor products, generally do not do plastic window profiles produced by the impact modifier . (4) SBS styrene , butadiene , styrene ternary block copolymer , also known as thermoplastic rubber, thermoplastic elastomers belonging to its structure can be divided into two kinds of star and linear . Ratio of styrene and butadiene SBS is mainly 30 /70, 40 /60 , 28 / 72 , 48/ 52 several. Mainly used as HDPE, PP, PS impact modifier in an amount 5-15 parts . SBS its main role is to improve the low temperature impact resistance. SBS poor weather, do not suitable for long-term use of outdoor products . (5) ABS styrene ( 40% -50 % ) , butadiene ( 25% -30 % ) , acrylonitrile ( 25% -30 % ) terpolymer used mainly plastics , are also used as PVC impact modified, low-temperature impact modifiers also very effective . When added in an amount of 50 parts of ABS , PVC and the impact strength can be quite pure ABS. ABS is generally added in an amount of 5-20 parts , ABS poor weather , suitable for long-term outdoor use products, generally do not processing aid do plastic window profiles produced by the impact modifier . (6) EVA is a copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate acid , vinyl acetate is introduced to change the crystallinity of polyethylene , vinyl acetate content of large difference , and the different refractive index EVA and PVC , transparent products is difficult to obtain , therefore , often the EVA resin and used with other impact . EVA added in an amount of 10 parts or less.
2013年12月22日星期日
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) profiles analyzed factors discoloration
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) profiles influencing factors analysis discoloration discoloration PVC profile extrusion profiles should include the processing, storage and use of the process of aging discoloration ( yellow, dimmed , etc. ) as well as the gloss disappears after aging profiles and chalking phenomenon ( white profiles ) . Which refers to the white profiles are bright and shiny with a product , gloss white powder disappeared and is still a discoloration profile profiles . The color depends on the PVC profile joint action of external and internal conditions. Which external conditions , including UV irradiation , certain temperature, humidity and PVC stabilizer oxygen conditions , air pollution ( dust , sulfur , acid rain , etc. ) ; and internal conditions are PVC degradation HCl molecule itself off . This paper analyzes the impact of external climatic conditions on PVC degradation of color in the start, from the recipe sections discuss heat stabilizers, pigments such as titanium dioxide , and other effects on PVC profile discoloration and the controlling factors. So as to analyze the problem and prevent discoloration of PVC profiles , and provide a theoretical basis for the development of high-end PVC profiles . An external factor profiles discolored 1.1 ultraviolet irradiation
Extraterrestrial solar radiation to a continuous air layer is light spectrum , the wavelength range of 0.7-3000nm, wherein the radiation portion of the 300-400nm UV degradation is mainly caused by the polymer . Energy in the range of 290 ~ 400nm ultraviolet photons is 419 ~ 297kJ / E, the polymer was significantly higher than the bond energy of typical bond . Of course, regional ultraviolet irradiation intensity at different latitudes on Earth is not the same , which determines the different parts of the durability of PVC profiles require different formulations . 1.2 Temperature and humidity
In addition to UV radiation , should aluminium stearate also consider the effects of temperature , humidity and regional climate. As the temperature rises, thermal degradation and photodegradation may overlap, even dominant. This is mainly due to the profile of the infrared absorption of solar light into heat , so that the surface temperature can be high students , can accelerate aging discoloration .
Moisture in the air (humidity ) is one cause of degradation of the PVC . Water can be extracted , and photochemical reactions involved in the hydrolysis of certain pigments or titanium dioxide which affects the PVC degradation. In addition, since the outdoor temperature , condensing moisture in the air condenses on the surface of the profile , wherein the composition contains the oxygen , thereby becoming oxidized water can accelerate the degradation of the polymer . 1.3 Air Pollution
Aging caused by radiation plastic , i.e., the radiation reaches the earth's surface by the direct light of the sun ( " solar radiation" ) and light scattering ( " sky radiation" ) composed of two parts , is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the wavelength of the light scattering power ( Swiss 's law ) . Airborne particles ( dust ) can cause the scattering of sunlight , which means that short-wave scattering wavelength easier to reach the ground. Thus , the particles suspended in the air that reaches the surface of the ultraviolet light may be PVC stabilizer enhanced to accelerate the degradation of PVC . Sulfur pollution response lead stabilizers for PVC profile system, a relatively high sulfur content in the air conditions , lead stabilizers may occur to generate colored PbS ( black ) . When the profiles are acid rain , in the strong sunlight, acid rain, the remnants of the surface profile generation "HS-" ions , which ions can be dissolved in water and the presence of Pb2 + profile role , can also form precipitates leaving the surface profile generate colored " cure " pollution phenomenon .
Extraterrestrial solar radiation to a continuous air layer is light spectrum , the wavelength range of 0.7-3000nm, wherein the radiation portion of the 300-400nm UV degradation is mainly caused by the polymer . Energy in the range of 290 ~ 400nm ultraviolet photons is 419 ~ 297kJ / E, the polymer was significantly higher than the bond energy of typical bond . Of course, regional ultraviolet irradiation intensity at different latitudes on Earth is not the same , which determines the different parts of the durability of PVC profiles require different formulations . 1.2 Temperature and humidity
In addition to UV radiation , should aluminium stearate also consider the effects of temperature , humidity and regional climate. As the temperature rises, thermal degradation and photodegradation may overlap, even dominant. This is mainly due to the profile of the infrared absorption of solar light into heat , so that the surface temperature can be high students , can accelerate aging discoloration .
Moisture in the air (humidity ) is one cause of degradation of the PVC . Water can be extracted , and photochemical reactions involved in the hydrolysis of certain pigments or titanium dioxide which affects the PVC degradation. In addition, since the outdoor temperature , condensing moisture in the air condenses on the surface of the profile , wherein the composition contains the oxygen , thereby becoming oxidized water can accelerate the degradation of the polymer . 1.3 Air Pollution
Aging caused by radiation plastic , i.e., the radiation reaches the earth's surface by the direct light of the sun ( " solar radiation" ) and light scattering ( " sky radiation" ) composed of two parts , is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the wavelength of the light scattering power ( Swiss 's law ) . Airborne particles ( dust ) can cause the scattering of sunlight , which means that short-wave scattering wavelength easier to reach the ground. Thus , the particles suspended in the air that reaches the surface of the ultraviolet light may be PVC stabilizer enhanced to accelerate the degradation of PVC . Sulfur pollution response lead stabilizers for PVC profile system, a relatively high sulfur content in the air conditions , lead stabilizers may occur to generate colored PbS ( black ) . When the profiles are acid rain , in the strong sunlight, acid rain, the remnants of the surface profile generation "HS-" ions , which ions can be dissolved in water and the presence of Pb2 + profile role , can also form precipitates leaving the surface profile generate colored " cure " pollution phenomenon .
2013年12月12日星期四
The main uses of plastics processing aids and recipes
1 , inorganic non-halogen flame retardants account for an important position among alumina trihydrate and magnesium hydroxide mixed use, you can use a large amount of alumina trihydrate endothermic ( absorbs heat of crystallization water vapor ) , inhibition of the burning surface temperature ; use of magnesium hydroxide to raise the oxygen index and promote charring effect, because the surface of the polymer film can also play with the charring prevent burning effect. In addition , the development of new varieties of antimony oxide is also a non- halogen flame retardant development in another direction . Plasticizers ; are added to plastics to Flame retardant increase the system without affecting the plastic nature of the material properties of the polymer . External plasticizer : generally applied to the polymerization system less volatile high-boiling liquid or low melting solids . Plasticizers : the polymer is introduced during the polymerization to reduce the crystallinity of the polymer chain increases the plasticity of the second monomer material plastics. Primary plasticizer ; both molecules inserted in the amorphous region of the polymer plasticizer is inserted while the crystalline regions , which is also called a plasticizer solvent plasticizer . Auxiliary plasticizer ; inserted only partially crystalline molecular plasticizer amorphous regions of the polymer , the plasticizer, the plasticizer is also called non-solvent . Compatibility: the ability to dissolve the plasticizer and resin mixed with each other , and is one of the most basic requirements of plasticizer . Cohesive energy density (CED): energy per unit volume of solvent evaporation . Solubility parameters : the square root organic pigments of the value of the energy of vaporization per unit volume of solvent. Cloud point (Tc): dilute homogeneous polymer solution and a plasticizer , at a temperature becomes cloudy during cooling . By measuring the cloud point can be estimated plasticizer and resin compatibility. The lower the cloud point , a plasticizer compatible with the polymer , the better. Plasticizing efficiency ; plasticizing efficiency of the resin reaches a certain degree of softness is called the amount of plasticizer plasticizer . Plasticizing efficiency is a relative value , the plasticizer can be used to compare the plasticizing effect . The method used for representing plasticizing efficiency glass transition temperature (Tg) and reduce the decrease in modulus is represented . Oxidation of the polymer is the time increases with the decrease of the performance of the polymer , also known as auto-oxidation . Into the induction period , a strong oxidizing period . Antioxidants ; refers to polymers by oxidation and slow the aging phenomenon can play the role of a class of chemicals. Primary antioxidant ; antioxidant is considered to be the main cleaning agent, a free radical , it is through the coupling reaction ( i.e., the termination reaction) to give a hydrogen atom or to prevent the damaging effects of free radicals in the polymer . Secondary antioxidants ; role of antioxidants is to help decompose the peroxide oxidation of the resulting polymer . Antioxidants including an aid phosphite 2 , 3 thioether antioxidants , metal deactivators metal ion deactivators ; preventing the heavy metal ion induced oxidation of the resulting polymer material , often referred to as metal ions blunt agent or a metal deactivator , a metal chelating agent , also known as copper inhibitors. Stabilizer: to prevent or retard the polymer during processing, storage and use of chemical aging deterioration . Thermal stabilizers ; mainly for PVC and other chlorine-containing polymers , which will not affect the processing and application , but also a certain degree of thermal decomposition of delaying the action of a class of additives. Light stabilizers ; Where can inhibit or slow down the aging of optical oxygen substance called ultraviolet light stabilizer or stabilizers . Radical scavengers : a class of piperidine derivatives light stabilizer with steric effects , referred to as hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS) - aging or photoaging : molecular material long-term or short-term exposure to the sun set under strong fluorescence , due to absorption of UV energy , causing auto-oxidation reaction , leading to degradation of the polymer , making the products discoloration, brittleness , performance degradation , which can not be reused. This process is called oxidative aging or photoaging light flame retardants ; able to increase the flame resistance of the material substance called flame retardants. They are mostly first periodic table V, compound VII and combustion speed of the group III element : refers to the length of the sample per unit time of combustion . Synergistic effect : refers to two or more with the use of additives , the total effect is greater than the sum of the individual effects when used alone . Synergy system : complex flame retardant with the use of the interaction between the flame-retardant to improve performance , the system is called a synergistic effect . Synergistic systems commonly antimony - halogen system , phosphorus halide system, phosphorus - nitrogen system . Burning speed: denotes the length of the sample per unit time of combustion . Burning speed is horizontal and vertical burning combustion method to measure too . Oxygen index: refers to the sample continued to burn like a candle shape , nitrogen - oxygen mixed gas stream must minimum oxygen content. External friction : polymer materials during the molding process , the polymer melt friction between the surface and processing PVC stabilizer equipment . Friction : polymer material during the molding process , the molten polymer molecules exist between friction. Lubricants ; polymer to reduce friction and external friction , improved melt flow plastics , polymer material during processing to prevent the sticking of the device to ensure the surface smoothness of the added substance called lubricant. Lubricants : prior to processing the plastic ingredients , add a certain compatibility with the polymer lubricant and uniformly dispersed into the material , can reduce the friction between the resin molecules sky lubrication. External lubrication in two ways: one is in the polymer material forming the lubricant coated on the surface processing apparatus , allowed to melt at processing temperatures , and the metal surface of a " thin layer " is formed , the plastic melt and processing equipment to isolate, without adhering to the equipment, or ease of stripping off the roll ; another is compatible with the polymer is very small , it is easy to migrate from inside the polymer during processing on the surface, thereby forming a spacer layer material , before the processing of the ingredients added to the plastic dispersion , and migration to the surface during processing , providing lubrication . Mold release agent: Mold and machining the workpiece remain completely chemically inert substance called a release agent . Blowing agents ; make a class of blowing agents are liquid or plastic state within a certain viscosity range of rubber, plastic material forming the microporous structure. Foaming additives: foaming process , and can be used with the blowing agent and to adjust the rate of decomposition of the blowing agent and decomposition temperature of the substance , or to improve the foaming process , the foam stability of the foam structure and improving the quality of the antistatic substance agent ; added to the resin , attached to the fuel or coated plastics , synthetic polymer material surface to prevent static electricity and liquid fuels hazard a class of chemical additives referred to as antistatic agents topical antistatic agents : the use of a coating , spray , dipping or the like so that it is attached to the plastic surface of the fiber , the durability is poor, it is also called temporary antistatic agent. In the antistatic agent used ( or kneaded antistatic agent ) : in the resin during processing ( or in the monomer during polymerization ) was added to the resin composition of an antistatic agent , because it has good durability , and called permanent antistatic agent. Coupling ; are able to improve between the filler and polymer material properties of a class of substances interface . There are two functional groups in its molecular structure : one can react with the polymer matrix , or at least a good chemical compatibility ; another forming a chemical bond with the inorganic filler . Colorants ; changes in the polymer product was added color additives to improve product appearance coloring power : means affect the ability of the paint colors mixed materials , coloring force, the smaller the amount of toner used , the cost is low . Tinting strength toner with their own characteristics , generally , the toner particle size is reduced , increasing the hiding power of the coloring power : the colorant prevents the penetration of light colored products , in other words , the problem is pointed to the size of the toner transparency , the greater the opacity , transparency worse. Mobility: the colorant to the media to material in contact bleeding or migration phenomenon. In general , inorganic salts of organic acids ( lake pigment ) migration is relatively small ; higher molecular weight were relatively low by migration of small . AR agent ; improve the transparency of the crystalline polymer additive generally used in polypropylene plastic , since the crystallization rate of the PP melt is relatively slow , large spherulites are formed easily , thus affecting its transparency. AR agents can join spherulites become microcrystalline structure , improve its transparency. Fluorescent brightener : plastics can increase the whiteness , brightness, making the colors more vibrant substance called optical brighteners. Can absorb invisible ultraviolet light , blue light into longer wavelength visible light or purple . Fungicides : ( biological inhibitors ) inhibit the growth of mold and mildew killing function . Fungicides suitable plastics mainly phenolic compounds , organometallic compounds , halogen-containing organic compounds, sulfur-containing organic compounds such as anti-fogging agent : also known as flow drops , the transparent material to prevent damage of a fog additives . Aging: In forming polymer materials , storage, structural changes in the use of the process, gradually lose value phenomenon fill in the blank plastic by nature : thermoplastics, thermosetting plastics. By Use : Universal plastics, engineering plastics . The production process of plastic , polymer, additives, processing equipment are the three main material condition. The main factors affecting the plasticizing analysis: polymer molecular force ( dispersion forces , induced forces and orientation force ) , the degree of crystallinity hydrogen plasticizer , PVC polymer resin is mainly used . Plasticizers increase presses reason : lubricating gel , free volume theory . The theory is generally considered : the plasticized polymer materials , is due to inter- molecular chain of the polymer material weaken the role of aggregation caused . Plasticizer molecules inserted between the polymer chains , the polymer chains between gravity weakens , increasing the mobility of the polymer chains , reduces the crystallinity of the polymer chains , thereby increasing the plastic polymer .
2013年12月8日星期日
pvc internal and external lubricant selection principles to develop new direction
pvc internal and external lubricant selection principles
(1) pvc external lubricants generally lower than the melting point of the molding processing temperature 50-60 ℃.
( 2 ) to be reasonable taking into account liquidity, the rate of release of plastics and plasticizers . To balance the internal and external lubricants .
Early ( 3 ) to maintain the system, metaphase, anaphase lubrication integrity.
( 4 ) do not adversely affect the secondary processing ( heat sealing , laminating , printing, etc. ) .
( 5 ) the lubricant in the resin PVC stabilizer for fittings dispersion, the dispersant is added when necessary. ( 6 ) to pay attention to the interaction with other additives ( plasticizers , heat stabilizers , antioxidants , fillers , impact , etc. ) is .
pvc internal and external lubricant previously mainly used for PVC in recent years, the rapid growth in the amount of polyolefins and engineering plastics , the required amount is close to the amount of PVC . Currently , in use , many plastics factory has its own proprietary formula. Recently , the application of polymer blends alloys are widely used, the demand for these products will have great growth. And homopolymer, copolymer compared to the lubricant composition and formulations vary , according to the special requirements of users in research and development , which is a new direction for the development of pvc internal and external lubricant . Production profiles, sheet extrusion , injection molding products , hollow products , blow film are highly transparent products have a high degree of plasticizing , high Aluminum hydroxide liquidity , and therefore require a higher plasticizing rate, so the pvc to more lubricants ; pipe and for the purpose of producing , in its plasticization is preferably 60% to 70% [ 8 , 9 ] , which requires a low rate of some plasticizer , the lubricant should be relatively little outside ; for calendering process , in order to melt the PVC calender rolls easily peeled , external lubricant should be a little more ; while the injection molding process will have as little as possible with external lubricant for external lubrication to minimize the impact of falling weld line strength .
PVC external lubrication balanced Titanium dioxide rutile diversity in fact different types of processing equipment, such as extrusion ( divided into single and twin screw ) , injection molding, calendaring , require different lubrication balance. Strictly speaking, the same equipment , products of different manufacturers , and even the same device with the new balance of old have different lubrication requirements . Different types of products , such as pipes, films, sheets and profiles , and have different lubrication balance.
(1) pvc external lubricants generally lower than the melting point of the molding processing temperature 50-60 ℃.
( 2 ) to be reasonable taking into account liquidity, the rate of release of plastics and plasticizers . To balance the internal and external lubricants .
Early ( 3 ) to maintain the system, metaphase, anaphase lubrication integrity.
( 4 ) do not adversely affect the secondary processing ( heat sealing , laminating , printing, etc. ) .
( 5 ) the lubricant in the resin PVC stabilizer for fittings dispersion, the dispersant is added when necessary. ( 6 ) to pay attention to the interaction with other additives ( plasticizers , heat stabilizers , antioxidants , fillers , impact , etc. ) is .
pvc internal and external lubricant previously mainly used for PVC in recent years, the rapid growth in the amount of polyolefins and engineering plastics , the required amount is close to the amount of PVC . Currently , in use , many plastics factory has its own proprietary formula. Recently , the application of polymer blends alloys are widely used, the demand for these products will have great growth. And homopolymer, copolymer compared to the lubricant composition and formulations vary , according to the special requirements of users in research and development , which is a new direction for the development of pvc internal and external lubricant . Production profiles, sheet extrusion , injection molding products , hollow products , blow film are highly transparent products have a high degree of plasticizing , high Aluminum hydroxide liquidity , and therefore require a higher plasticizing rate, so the pvc to more lubricants ; pipe and for the purpose of producing , in its plasticization is preferably 60% to 70% [ 8 , 9 ] , which requires a low rate of some plasticizer , the lubricant should be relatively little outside ; for calendering process , in order to melt the PVC calender rolls easily peeled , external lubricant should be a little more ; while the injection molding process will have as little as possible with external lubricant for external lubrication to minimize the impact of falling weld line strength .
PVC external lubrication balanced Titanium dioxide rutile diversity in fact different types of processing equipment, such as extrusion ( divided into single and twin screw ) , injection molding, calendaring , require different lubrication balance. Strictly speaking, the same equipment , products of different manufacturers , and even the same device with the new balance of old have different lubrication requirements . Different types of products , such as pipes, films, sheets and profiles , and have different lubrication balance.
2013年12月1日星期日
environmentally friendly non-toxic polymer composite lubrication P-80B significant performance
Efficient and environmentally friendly non-toxic polymer composite lubrication P-80A is a nontoxic compound efficient lubrication products. Efficient and environmentally friendly non-toxic Glycerol monostearate polymer composite lubrication is Jianhong lubricant formulations plant the introduction of international advanced technology and processes, using imported raw materials and foreign PVC plastic manufacturing process and material properties, polymer developed excellent internal and external lubricant. Overcome the lack of trouble and slip agents processing performance on the traditional monomer. Add this product safe to use, easy to mix, more stable performance, reasonable adjustment formula in the case, has the following Diethylene glycol dibenzoate remarkable properties:
1, reducing the coefficient of friction between molecules and promote plasticizing, stable and appropriate to reduce the amount of system products; has a good stripping effect, enhancing the surface finish and scratch resistance;
2, the melting point of the product is a wide range of PVC materials significantly enhance the free flow of processing and non-sticky, and thus increase productivity, reduce equipment wear and energy consumption, reduce product defect rate;
3, significant improvement fillers, pigments and other additives in the PVC dispersion resin, may be a corresponding increase in the amount of filler, and to products, color stability, increase the gloss;
4, the product both inside and outside tio2 anatase of the late lubrication before PVC processing, within the recommended dosage is not blooming, no precipitation, with good stability.
Efficient and environmentally friendly non-toxic polymer composite lubrication P-80A Scope:
Efficient and environmentally friendly non-toxic polymer composite lubrication P-80A is widely used in non-transparent sheet
1, reducing the coefficient of friction between molecules and promote plasticizing, stable and appropriate to reduce the amount of system products; has a good stripping effect, enhancing the surface finish and scratch resistance;
2, the melting point of the product is a wide range of PVC materials significantly enhance the free flow of processing and non-sticky, and thus increase productivity, reduce equipment wear and energy consumption, reduce product defect rate;
3, significant improvement fillers, pigments and other additives in the PVC dispersion resin, may be a corresponding increase in the amount of filler, and to products, color stability, increase the gloss;
4, the product both inside and outside tio2 anatase of the late lubrication before PVC processing, within the recommended dosage is not blooming, no precipitation, with good stability.
Efficient and environmentally friendly non-toxic polymer composite lubrication P-80A Scope:
Efficient and environmentally friendly non-toxic polymer composite lubrication P-80A is widely used in non-transparent sheet
2013年11月24日星期日
Analysis of the principle of a flame retardant
Flame retardants , simply, the object is to prevent combustion additives, the flame retardant effect can reduce the speed of the object and scope of combustion , and can not absolutely prevent burning objects , also known as flame- retardant agent, and therefore , the refractory impact modifier agents or fire retardant . Our flame retardant into inorganic flame retardants , wood paper fabric flame retardant, fire retardant , brominated flame retardants four categories, flame retardant materials in different ways in different add retardant principle basically the same, with small series please go find out. ( 1 ) An article comprising a flame retardant can produce flame smothering extinguishing gas during combustion . Such as antimony trioxide, it encountered due to the combustion of HCL can react with Chrolinated polyethylene a smothering gas quenching , namely antimony oxides of nitrogen in PVC , which play a flame effect. ( 2 ) the heat generated during combustion of the flame retardant material can absorb , from cooling effect of slowing the rate of combustion . Such as aluminum hydroxide , the proportion of the molecule which contains chemically bound water of up to 34 % of this bound water stable at processing temperatures of most plastics , but PVC lubricant more than 200 ℃, begin to decompose , releasing water vapor. And every one mole of aluminum hydroxide decomposition , to absorb 36 kcal. ( 3 ) providing a layer of oxygen barrier layer isolated , self-extinguishing due to the isolation of oxygen , such as the phosphate -based flame retardant that is generated by burning oxygen barrier phosphide barrier layer .
( 4 ) can generate free radicals react with the plastic , they can be the reaction product from the flame retardant plastics .
( 4 ) can generate free radicals react with the plastic , they can be the reaction product from the flame retardant plastics .
2013年11月20日星期三
Naphthenic acid prepared using aluminum sulphate aluminum soap
Herein, aluminum sulfate prepared using aluminum naphthenate soaps. Naphthenate aluminum soap in the soap is a naphthenic acid . The naphthenic acid soap of calcium naphthenate soaps are not using the sodium and calcium salts of sodium naphthenate ( lime ) for the metathesis reaction from. We are here only for naphthenic acid aluminum soap aluminum hydroxide simple introduction.
What is the naphthenic acid soaps of aluminum sulfate
Aluminum sulfate naphthenic naphthenic acid soap products are aluminum soap , it was yellow viscoplastic solids . Naphthenic acid sodium soap solution and the aqueous aluminum sulfate solution obtained by the reaction of the product. A mixture of a variety of different molecules , the structure is very complex. Insoluble in water. Thickeners for paints and inhibit penetration. Its character as a yellow semi-solid viscous material . Solution: do not dissolve in water, slightly soluble in ethanol , soluble titanium dioxide in benzene , toluene, turpentine , etc. It is used as a varnish driers , but also for the preparation of lubricants.
Preparation of aluminum sulphate aluminum soap reason naphthenic
When aluminum sulfate violently expanding when heated and become a sponge -like material . Thermal decomposition of red burn sulfur trioxide and aluminum oxide. When the relative humidity of about 25% lower weathering . Soluble in water, practically insoluble in ethanol , the solution is acidic. Long after boiling insoluble basic salt precipitation. The Metallic stearate relative density of 1.62 . Aluminum sulfate is a widely used industrial reagent , usually with alum confusion.
Naphthenate, aluminum sulfate and aluminum soap by double decomposition reaction of sodium soap obtained . And many family members naphthenic acid soap , rich colors. Calcium naphthenate , cobalt naphthenate , lead naphthenate , manganese naphthenate . The cobalt salt is violet blue , lead salt is brown , copper green, amber zinc , manganese salt is brown. They can also be used as pesticides, paint driers and preservatives .
What is the naphthenic acid soaps of aluminum sulfate
Aluminum sulfate naphthenic naphthenic acid soap products are aluminum soap , it was yellow viscoplastic solids . Naphthenic acid sodium soap solution and the aqueous aluminum sulfate solution obtained by the reaction of the product. A mixture of a variety of different molecules , the structure is very complex. Insoluble in water. Thickeners for paints and inhibit penetration. Its character as a yellow semi-solid viscous material . Solution: do not dissolve in water, slightly soluble in ethanol , soluble titanium dioxide in benzene , toluene, turpentine , etc. It is used as a varnish driers , but also for the preparation of lubricants.
Preparation of aluminum sulphate aluminum soap reason naphthenic
When aluminum sulfate violently expanding when heated and become a sponge -like material . Thermal decomposition of red burn sulfur trioxide and aluminum oxide. When the relative humidity of about 25% lower weathering . Soluble in water, practically insoluble in ethanol , the solution is acidic. Long after boiling insoluble basic salt precipitation. The Metallic stearate relative density of 1.62 . Aluminum sulfate is a widely used industrial reagent , usually with alum confusion.
Naphthenate, aluminum sulfate and aluminum soap by double decomposition reaction of sodium soap obtained . And many family members naphthenic acid soap , rich colors. Calcium naphthenate , cobalt naphthenate , lead naphthenate , manganese naphthenate . The cobalt salt is violet blue , lead salt is brown , copper green, amber zinc , manganese salt is brown. They can also be used as pesticides, paint driers and preservatives .
2013年11月19日星期二
CBN grinding wheel in the stone 's role
Cubic boron nitride (CBN) grinding wheel is grinding carbide , glass,
ceramics , precious stones high hard and brittle material effects tools in
recent years, with high-speed ultra-precision grinding grinding technology
rapid development of grinding wheels made more high demand, ceramic resin
bonded grinding wheel can no longer meet
Production needs, because of its combination of metal bonded grinding wheel ,
high strength, good formability , long life and other significant
characteristics of the production has been widely used by metal-bonded
diamond wheels are manufactured in different ways there are sintered ,
plating two types , in order to give full play to the role of super abrasive
abroad from the 20th century, the Plastic impact modifier early 90s with a high temperature brazing
process to develop a new wheel, which wheel is still in the research and
development stage .
The cutting tool is a grinding wheel , which consists of many small and hard
abrasive particles and adhesive bonding agent made of the porous body .
Directly responsible abrasive cutting work must be sharp and has high
hardness, heat resistance and a toughness. Commonly used abrasive alumina (
also known as corundum ) and silicon carbide two kinds . Alumina-based
abrasive , high hardness, good toughness, suitable for grinding steel
material . Silicon carbide abrasive hardness is higher and more sharp , good
thermal conductivity , but more brittle , suitable for grinding cast iron and
carbide grinding wheel in the grinder as a cutting tool with the workpiece
machining side
France . The method is characterized by:
( 1) Since the abrasive grinding wheel itself has a high hardness and heat
resistance , high hardness can be processed so grinding materials such as
hardened steel , carbide, etc. . ( 2 ) determine Zinc stearate the characteristics of the
grinding wheel and grinding grinding system can make even a trace cutting ,
general ap = 0.001 ~ 0.005mm; grinding speed is high , generally up to v = 30
~ 50m / s; grinder stiffness ; using hydraulic transmission, so grinding can
be obtained economically with high precision (IT6 ~ IT5) and a small surface
roughness (Ra = 0.8 ~ 0.2μm). Grinding is one of the main methods parts
finishing . ( 3 ) As intense friction , leaving the grinding zone temperature
is high. This will cause the workpiece to produce stress and deformation of
the workpiece surface and even cause burns . Therefore, a lot of grinding
coolant must be injected to reduce the grinding temperature . Also from the
coolant and lubrication chip . ( 4 ) grinding large radial forces . This will
cause the machine - grinding wheel - workpiece system flexibility retreat ,
the actual depth of cut less than the nominal depth of cut . Therefore, the
grinding will be completed when the Optical brightener light is not to be infeed grinding to
remove the error . ( 5 ) After blunt abrasive , grinding force also increased
, resulting in grain crushing or off, re- exposing the sharp edge , this
feature is called " self-sharpening ." Self-sharpening of the grinding head
in a certain period of time to normal, but over a certain working time should
be performed after manual trimming , grinding force increases so as to cause
vibration , noise, and damage the workpiece surface quality.
ceramics , precious stones high hard and brittle material effects tools in
recent years, with high-speed ultra-precision grinding grinding technology
rapid development of grinding wheels made more high demand, ceramic resin
bonded grinding wheel can no longer meet
Production needs, because of its combination of metal bonded grinding wheel ,
high strength, good formability , long life and other significant
characteristics of the production has been widely used by metal-bonded
diamond wheels are manufactured in different ways there are sintered ,
plating two types , in order to give full play to the role of super abrasive
abroad from the 20th century, the Plastic impact modifier early 90s with a high temperature brazing
process to develop a new wheel, which wheel is still in the research and
development stage .
The cutting tool is a grinding wheel , which consists of many small and hard
abrasive particles and adhesive bonding agent made of the porous body .
Directly responsible abrasive cutting work must be sharp and has high
hardness, heat resistance and a toughness. Commonly used abrasive alumina (
also known as corundum ) and silicon carbide two kinds . Alumina-based
abrasive , high hardness, good toughness, suitable for grinding steel
material . Silicon carbide abrasive hardness is higher and more sharp , good
thermal conductivity , but more brittle , suitable for grinding cast iron and
carbide grinding wheel in the grinder as a cutting tool with the workpiece
machining side
France . The method is characterized by:
( 1) Since the abrasive grinding wheel itself has a high hardness and heat
resistance , high hardness can be processed so grinding materials such as
hardened steel , carbide, etc. . ( 2 ) determine Zinc stearate the characteristics of the
grinding wheel and grinding grinding system can make even a trace cutting ,
general ap = 0.001 ~ 0.005mm; grinding speed is high , generally up to v = 30
~ 50m / s; grinder stiffness ; using hydraulic transmission, so grinding can
be obtained economically with high precision (IT6 ~ IT5) and a small surface
roughness (Ra = 0.8 ~ 0.2μm). Grinding is one of the main methods parts
finishing . ( 3 ) As intense friction , leaving the grinding zone temperature
is high. This will cause the workpiece to produce stress and deformation of
the workpiece surface and even cause burns . Therefore, a lot of grinding
coolant must be injected to reduce the grinding temperature . Also from the
coolant and lubrication chip . ( 4 ) grinding large radial forces . This will
cause the machine - grinding wheel - workpiece system flexibility retreat ,
the actual depth of cut less than the nominal depth of cut . Therefore, the
grinding will be completed when the Optical brightener light is not to be infeed grinding to
remove the error . ( 5 ) After blunt abrasive , grinding force also increased
, resulting in grain crushing or off, re- exposing the sharp edge , this
feature is called " self-sharpening ." Self-sharpening of the grinding head
in a certain period of time to normal, but over a certain working time should
be performed after manual trimming , grinding force increases so as to cause
vibration , noise, and damage the workpiece surface quality.
2013年11月11日星期一
Flame retardant mechanism of some analysis
The purpose of the implementation of flame retardant technology , such non-flame retardant materials , flame retardant performance , under certain conditions, can not easily burn or extinguish . Non- retardant materials with flame retardant properties , the most direct way is to add flame retardants in the material . Xiaobian for you about flame retardant mechanism analysis and classification .
1, the combustion flame to be carbonized , to organic pigments achieve the flame-retardant effect . The flame retardant effect is mainly play a role in the solid phase , in this category are mainly phosphorus flame retardant material ( including organic and inorganic phosphorus phosphorus ) .
2 , formed under the conditions in the combustion flame is not volatile diaphragm , isolated from the air reaches retardant purposes. The flame retardant effect is mainly play a role in the liquid phase . Retardant materials in this category are mainly borates , halides , antimony oxide and phosphorus -based material , or several materials which reflect the interaction between substances generated . 3, the heat of combustion of the magnesium stearate combustible material dispersion and dilution. Such fire-retardant material is mainly zinc borate , aluminum hydroxide , magnesium hydroxide and other substances, mainly due to the endothermic decomposition of a large , non-combustible material dilution resulting combustible gas flame to achieve the objective .
4 , flame retardants decomposition products will be cut off so as to achieve a chain reaction of hydroxyl radicals retardant purposes. The flame retardant effect is mainly play a role in the gas phase . The material in this category are mainly play a role in the gas phase . Such flame retardant and antimony oxide are mainly halide .
Flame retardant products, generally to choose non-toxic, non-polluting products, fire retardant products produced by PVC foaming board stabilizer our company , there are halogen-free flame retardants, wood flame retardants, brominated flame retardants , in addition to sales of magnesium hydroxide , active magnesium oxide , light magnesium oxide flame retardant products .
1, the combustion flame to be carbonized , to organic pigments achieve the flame-retardant effect . The flame retardant effect is mainly play a role in the solid phase , in this category are mainly phosphorus flame retardant material ( including organic and inorganic phosphorus phosphorus ) .
2 , formed under the conditions in the combustion flame is not volatile diaphragm , isolated from the air reaches retardant purposes. The flame retardant effect is mainly play a role in the liquid phase . Retardant materials in this category are mainly borates , halides , antimony oxide and phosphorus -based material , or several materials which reflect the interaction between substances generated . 3, the heat of combustion of the magnesium stearate combustible material dispersion and dilution. Such fire-retardant material is mainly zinc borate , aluminum hydroxide , magnesium hydroxide and other substances, mainly due to the endothermic decomposition of a large , non-combustible material dilution resulting combustible gas flame to achieve the objective .
4 , flame retardants decomposition products will be cut off so as to achieve a chain reaction of hydroxyl radicals retardant purposes. The flame retardant effect is mainly play a role in the gas phase . The material in this category are mainly play a role in the gas phase . Such flame retardant and antimony oxide are mainly halide .
Flame retardant products, generally to choose non-toxic, non-polluting products, fire retardant products produced by PVC foaming board stabilizer our company , there are halogen-free flame retardants, wood flame retardants, brominated flame retardants , in addition to sales of magnesium hydroxide , active magnesium oxide , light magnesium oxide flame retardant products .
2013年11月7日星期四
Which uses magnesium hydroxide
Magnesium hydroxide is a white crystal or powder. English Name: Magnesium hydroxide Molecular formula: Mg (OH) 2 Molecular weight: 58.32 aqueous alkaline. Bulk density: 2.36g/cm3. Soluble in acid and ammonium salt solution, almost insoluble in water and alcohol. Solubility in water (18 ℃) is 0.0009g/100g. Easy to absorb carbon dioxide in air. In PVC stabilizer for cable the alkaline solution is heated to above 200 ℃ becomes hexagonal crystal system. At 350 ℃ decomposition of magnesium oxide and water. Higher than 500 ℃, lose water into magnesium oxide.
Use of abundant local resources through scientific process underground brine synthesis of new products, the indicators can be based on user needs and the size and design and production. Excellent quality, from the professional production. "Magnesium tyrants" brand of high-purity low molecular polyethylene magnesium is your ideal choice. Uses: magnesium hydroxide is a plastic, rubber excellent flame retardant. Widely used in PP, PE, EVA, PVC, ABS, HIPS, PA, epoxy, rubber, paint. As Mg (OH) 2 the thermal decomposition temperature (310 ° C) is high, is more suitable for processing high temperature engineering plastics such as nylon 6 (PA6, PA66). Generally, the flame retardant aluminum hydroxide ATH index, the oxygen index has been significantly improved, and the magnesium hydroxide MH better effect on the smoke, and thus, in actual use, they are complex in order to achieve Flame and smoke the better results.
Use of abundant local resources through scientific process underground brine synthesis of new products, the indicators can be based on user needs and the size and design and production. Excellent quality, from the professional production. "Magnesium tyrants" brand of high-purity low molecular polyethylene magnesium is your ideal choice. Uses: magnesium hydroxide is a plastic, rubber excellent flame retardant. Widely used in PP, PE, EVA, PVC, ABS, HIPS, PA, epoxy, rubber, paint. As Mg (OH) 2 the thermal decomposition temperature (310 ° C) is high, is more suitable for processing high temperature engineering plastics such as nylon 6 (PA6, PA66). Generally, the flame retardant aluminum hydroxide ATH index, the oxygen index has been significantly improved, and the magnesium hydroxide MH better effect on the smoke, and thus, in actual use, they are complex in order to achieve Flame and smoke the better results.
2013年10月28日星期一
Zinc stearate, plays an important role in the coating
Zinc stearate is mainly used in paint wood primer , since filling role in enhancing polish . Transparency, transparency of the coating effect is small, especially for transparent primer. With the direct method zinc stearate manufacturers slowly increased competitive pressures in the domestic zinc stearate coating performance has been dramatically improved. Zinc stearate coating , in addition to focusing on grinding and transparent , but also some other factors such as oil absorption , thickening , particle size, dispersion , etc. on the overall performance of methyl tin stabilizer wood have also been affected. Zinc stearate mainly in wood primer has several technical indicators affect its paint performance: 1, polish
In wood primer , grinding performance in the paint is a very important indicator , the usual test method is the same coating formulation , spray plate while at the same time grinding test , there is no fixed standard . 2 , in a transparent primer transparency , transparency direct impact on the aesthetic appearance of wood . Thus , the production of zinc stearate, water can not be used in the transparent wood , mainly because of too many impurities . The direct method in the production of zinc stearate is able to meet the requirements of purity , but also very high demands on the process , different production processes a great impact on the transparency , there may be slight differences on the process of transparency led to huge differences 3 , thickening production of coatings thickened manufacturers of zinc stearate is acceptable because zinc stearate added to the paint finished products , to determine its viscosity , the factory already settled indicator , the error is even in ± 500mP · s, so the test method of thickening zinc stearate is generally used to test a rotational viscometer , the viscosity and good yellow iron oxide dispersion if just a few hours after the deviation is greater than the viscosity 500mP · s, as thickening 4 , oil absorption amount of oil and thickening think not the same concept , oil volume ratio of added amount in the same conditions, make the product viscosity, the viscosity does not exceed a period of time the error value ± 500mP · s. Oil Absorption test standards "DIN ENISO787-5-1995", usually in the PU coating on the oil absorption is not much demand because of the production will not cause much impact, paint manufacturers have high requirements on oil absorption , it may be some paint manufacturers to add more solvent , but want to reduce solvent evaporation , we must find some high oil absorption material added to it , and the amount of zinc stearate oil relative to other additives are higher oil absorption 5 additives , particle size is to indicate the size of the indicator particles of zinc stearate , are titanium dioxide anatase generally used to measure the fineness . The easiest test is usually the result fineness is the fastest scraper fineness, usually in alkyd resin by adding a certain percentage of zinc powder dispersion , then add a little solvent viscosity good tune , and then use Fineness gauge testing, such test results will be higher than the actual fineness little too large , because the resin powder is wrapped in possession of a certain thickness , but as long as comparable and reproducible set standards in this test method can be to measure whether the excessive fineness . 6 , dispersed in the paint manufacturing process , there are many manufacturers dispersion problems mentioned . Under normal circumstances , zinc stearate dispersed in the paint is not a problem , but in the production of zinc stearate , there will be some indicators will cause the dispersion of certain effects, such as zinc stearate acid value is too high, the temperature is too high semi workers pressure occurs when the package is too severe zinc in the coating dispersion bad problem , but if the water is too high in zinc crystals also occur problems are considered dispersion good.
In wood primer , grinding performance in the paint is a very important indicator , the usual test method is the same coating formulation , spray plate while at the same time grinding test , there is no fixed standard . 2 , in a transparent primer transparency , transparency direct impact on the aesthetic appearance of wood . Thus , the production of zinc stearate, water can not be used in the transparent wood , mainly because of too many impurities . The direct method in the production of zinc stearate is able to meet the requirements of purity , but also very high demands on the process , different production processes a great impact on the transparency , there may be slight differences on the process of transparency led to huge differences 3 , thickening production of coatings thickened manufacturers of zinc stearate is acceptable because zinc stearate added to the paint finished products , to determine its viscosity , the factory already settled indicator , the error is even in ± 500mP · s, so the test method of thickening zinc stearate is generally used to test a rotational viscometer , the viscosity and good yellow iron oxide dispersion if just a few hours after the deviation is greater than the viscosity 500mP · s, as thickening 4 , oil absorption amount of oil and thickening think not the same concept , oil volume ratio of added amount in the same conditions, make the product viscosity, the viscosity does not exceed a period of time the error value ± 500mP · s. Oil Absorption test standards "DIN ENISO787-5-1995", usually in the PU coating on the oil absorption is not much demand because of the production will not cause much impact, paint manufacturers have high requirements on oil absorption , it may be some paint manufacturers to add more solvent , but want to reduce solvent evaporation , we must find some high oil absorption material added to it , and the amount of zinc stearate oil relative to other additives are higher oil absorption 5 additives , particle size is to indicate the size of the indicator particles of zinc stearate , are titanium dioxide anatase generally used to measure the fineness . The easiest test is usually the result fineness is the fastest scraper fineness, usually in alkyd resin by adding a certain percentage of zinc powder dispersion , then add a little solvent viscosity good tune , and then use Fineness gauge testing, such test results will be higher than the actual fineness little too large , because the resin powder is wrapped in possession of a certain thickness , but as long as comparable and reproducible set standards in this test method can be to measure whether the excessive fineness . 6 , dispersed in the paint manufacturing process , there are many manufacturers dispersion problems mentioned . Under normal circumstances , zinc stearate dispersed in the paint is not a problem , but in the production of zinc stearate , there will be some indicators will cause the dispersion of certain effects, such as zinc stearate acid value is too high, the temperature is too high semi workers pressure occurs when the package is too severe zinc in the coating dispersion bad problem , but if the water is too high in zinc crystals also occur problems are considered dispersion good.
2013年10月22日星期二
Application performance organic pigments
Organic Pigments Industrial Technology Development and other industrial technology, its applications continues to expand, higher demands , prompting the related technology to the deeper direction. Organic pigments its requirements can be summarized as follows: ① gentrification products that meet the metal coating durability, weather fastness , heat resistance, solvent resistance, and resistance to migration performance and other requirements ; ② organic pigments dosage of , the development of PVC processing aid specific applications performance -specific products, such as water , oil , easy dispersibility , high transparency , heat resistance, excellent migration resistance new special formulations , having a high purity crystalline form of certain special features of the organic pigment.
Applications department requirements to promote the rapid development of organic pigment industry technology , from classical organic synthesis reaction unit ( such as halogenation, nitration , reduction, condensation, diazotization, coupling reaction ) , filtration, separation, drying, grinding process gradually penetrate multidisciplinary areas such as solid state physics chemistry, morphology, powder surface chemistry, interfacial chemistry , solid solution and crystal chemistry , polymer chemistry and powder dispersion technology. Which highlights the research focus for the aluminum stearate development of new varieties of structural pigments , colored crystal particle surface modification treatment technology, efficient pigment dispersion technology , organic pigments and commercial processing technology and application performance testing and evaluation.
( 1 ) novel chemical structure of the development of varieties pigment
Purpose is to improve the durability of paint , heat stability, resistance to weather fastness , solvent stability and resistance to migration performance ; bright shade , high PVC foaming board stabilizer tinting strength yellow, orange , red, purple and brown varieties to meet with performance Dacron blue, green copper phthalocyanine pigment to match the requirements. The principal means of synthesis of new heterocyclic structure of the pigment , a good molecular planarity . Symmetry , with a specific substituent , change the molecular polarity , can form intermolecular hydrogen bonds , to improve heat stability and resistance to migration . Based paint durability ( light resistance, weather fastness , heat stability , solvent resistance and migration resistance , etc. ) of the level classification , grade ( high ) , or organic pigments HOP HGP (HighPerformanceOrganicPigments; HighGradePignents), has not only excellent application fastness properties , and value-added products , is high. Undoubtedly increasing organic pigment product formulations to meet specific application areas , high-performance requirements, will be an important trend in the future .
Applications department requirements to promote the rapid development of organic pigment industry technology , from classical organic synthesis reaction unit ( such as halogenation, nitration , reduction, condensation, diazotization, coupling reaction ) , filtration, separation, drying, grinding process gradually penetrate multidisciplinary areas such as solid state physics chemistry, morphology, powder surface chemistry, interfacial chemistry , solid solution and crystal chemistry , polymer chemistry and powder dispersion technology. Which highlights the research focus for the aluminum stearate development of new varieties of structural pigments , colored crystal particle surface modification treatment technology, efficient pigment dispersion technology , organic pigments and commercial processing technology and application performance testing and evaluation.
( 1 ) novel chemical structure of the development of varieties pigment
Purpose is to improve the durability of paint , heat stability, resistance to weather fastness , solvent stability and resistance to migration performance ; bright shade , high PVC foaming board stabilizer tinting strength yellow, orange , red, purple and brown varieties to meet with performance Dacron blue, green copper phthalocyanine pigment to match the requirements. The principal means of synthesis of new heterocyclic structure of the pigment , a good molecular planarity . Symmetry , with a specific substituent , change the molecular polarity , can form intermolecular hydrogen bonds , to improve heat stability and resistance to migration . Based paint durability ( light resistance, weather fastness , heat stability , solvent resistance and migration resistance , etc. ) of the level classification , grade ( high ) , or organic pigments HOP HGP (HighPerformanceOrganicPigments; HighGradePignents), has not only excellent application fastness properties , and value-added products , is high. Undoubtedly increasing organic pigment product formulations to meet specific application areas , high-performance requirements, will be an important trend in the future .
2013年10月8日星期二
Deposited zinc stearate
Chemical reagents zinc stearate is often due to improper storage in the storage and deterioration . Some reagents hygroscopic and deliquescence or hydrolysis ; others easily with oxygen in the air , carbon dioxide or other gases diffusion in which to react , and some reagents by chromium oxide light and ambient temperature will degenerate . Therefore, must be based on the different nature of the reagent , respectively, to take appropriate measures for safekeeping. Preservation methods generally have the following :
1 sealed
After the reagents are generally drawn tightly with a stopper , in particular volatile substances ( such as hydrochloric acid , ammonia ) , and many low boiling point organic compounds ( such as acetone, formaldehyde , acetaldehyde , chloroform, benzene, etc. ) must be tightly closed tightly . Some hygroscopic or a case of steam generating strong hydrolysis reagents such as phosphorus pentoxide , anhydrous AlCl3 , etc., only iron oxide yellow to close tightly , but also wax seal .
In the air can be spontaneous white phosphorus stored in the water. Reactive metals potassium, sodium To save in kerosene .
2 with brown bottle full bloom and placed in the shade
Light or heat perishable reagents ( such as potassium iodide , hydrogen peroxide , and bromine , chlorine ) to be stored in a brown bottle and placed in a cool place , preventing it from decomposition of deterioration. 3 Dangerous Drugs keep other medicines stored separately
Are easy to explode, burn , toxic, corrosive and tio2 anatase radioactive and other hazardous substances, as well as by external factors can cause severe chemical accidents , are all hazardous chemicals . They must be stored separately stored , such as perchloric acid can also organics , or prone to explosion. Strong oxidizing substances and organic solvents can corrode the rubber , not in full bloom in a glass bottle with a rubber stopper . Easily affect the purity of the reagent erosion glass reagent , such as hydrofluoric acid , fluoride salt ( potassium fluoride , sodium fluoride , ammonium fluoride ) and caustic alkali (potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide ) , shall be stored in polyethylene plastic bottle or a glass bottle coated with paraffin .
Purity: more than 98.0% purity
Specifications : Solid : 5g, 10g , such as different specifications ( specifications , customers can call options )
1 sealed
After the reagents are generally drawn tightly with a stopper , in particular volatile substances ( such as hydrochloric acid , ammonia ) , and many low boiling point organic compounds ( such as acetone, formaldehyde , acetaldehyde , chloroform, benzene, etc. ) must be tightly closed tightly . Some hygroscopic or a case of steam generating strong hydrolysis reagents such as phosphorus pentoxide , anhydrous AlCl3 , etc., only iron oxide yellow to close tightly , but also wax seal .
In the air can be spontaneous white phosphorus stored in the water. Reactive metals potassium, sodium To save in kerosene .
2 with brown bottle full bloom and placed in the shade
Light or heat perishable reagents ( such as potassium iodide , hydrogen peroxide , and bromine , chlorine ) to be stored in a brown bottle and placed in a cool place , preventing it from decomposition of deterioration. 3 Dangerous Drugs keep other medicines stored separately
Are easy to explode, burn , toxic, corrosive and tio2 anatase radioactive and other hazardous substances, as well as by external factors can cause severe chemical accidents , are all hazardous chemicals . They must be stored separately stored , such as perchloric acid can also organics , or prone to explosion. Strong oxidizing substances and organic solvents can corrode the rubber , not in full bloom in a glass bottle with a rubber stopper . Easily affect the purity of the reagent erosion glass reagent , such as hydrofluoric acid , fluoride salt ( potassium fluoride , sodium fluoride , ammonium fluoride ) and caustic alkali (potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide ) , shall be stored in polyethylene plastic bottle or a glass bottle coated with paraffin .
Purity: more than 98.0% purity
Specifications : Solid : 5g, 10g , such as different specifications ( specifications , customers can call options )
2013年10月7日星期一
Introduction of polypropylene flame retardants
Describes the polypropylene (PP) flame retardant type and mechanism of resistance ene agent PP summarized research progress and trends. Efficient, low toxicity ,
Low smoke , low cost, versatile, new composite "green" flame retardant PP 21st century focus of the study .
Polypropylene (PP) is a hydrocarbon material , heat of combustion , it is not entirely produced by burning smoke PVC lubricant and toxic gases, its application is limited . In order to improve flame retardant PP , broadening its field of application , you must add flame retardants.
A , PP fire retardant classification
PP flame retardant more categories, according to the basic performance is divided into inorganic and organic flame retardants ; according to high and low molecular weight divided into low molecular weight and high molecular weight flame retardant ; divided by use of additive flame retardant and reactive flame retardant . Which , by the use of method of classification is more commonly used classification methods . Flame retardant is added to the polymer during processing with a flame retardant
Liquid or solid , including phosphate, halogenated hydrocarbons , the advantage of easy to use for a wide range ; those containing reactive flame retardant is Cl,, Br, P and other elements and reactive flame retardant class of compounds , they are copolymerized with the resin to give a resin flame retardant. Two , PP flame approaches, methods and mechanisms
( A ) , flame retardant PP pathway mainly through three kinds of ways to achieve [ 1 ] : ( 1 ) using the additive flame retardant , flame retardant added over mechanical mixing the polymer to achieve flame purpose ; ( 2 ) use of reactive flame retardant, a flame retardant as a reactive monomer that participate in the reaction ,
Grafted to the polymer main chain or side chain , the modified polymer has a flame retardant ; ( 3 ) a flame retardant polymer itself . (B ) , the basic method of flame retardant PP basic methods include: ( 1 ) use of foam or non- foam refractory material coating the surface of PP material , to
With oxygen or thermal isolation ; ( 2 ) through the modification of the modified PP matrix material flame retardant. The second method is the main method . ( Three ) , flame retardant mechanism
1 . Termination of a chain reaction mechanism
PP combustion , the general decomposition Sodium stearate of hydrocarbons. Further oxidation of hydrocarbons at high temperatures, decomposition of free radical HO •. HO • The chain reaction
Makes the flame should continue . Halide decomposition of hydrogen halide (HX). HX can capture high-energy HO • and produce X • and
H 2O, while X • R • reacts with the polymer and the HX, but also capture the HO •. This cycle enables highly active HO • Less
Less will eventually contribute to the ripple cut HO • terminate hydrocarbon combustion flame to achieve the purpose . For PP, halides
Usually without the use of fluoride chloride or bromide or iodide . Because fluoride too lively , the formation of molecular fluorine and very stable
Iodine forming compound is unstable , it is rarely used.
2 . Mechanism of protective film
Flame temperature in the combustion swells into a layer of non-combustible protective film covering the surface of the material , isolated from the air and fire retardant . In
Phosphate flame retardant in the PP phosphate, halogen hydrocarbon ester. They differentiate to form a layer of porous insulating film coke , separated
Absolutely air to prevent heat transfer , and thus play a role in flame .
3 . Cooling mechanism
Flame retardant polymer surface can PVC heat stabilizer for window melt at a lower temperature , the latent heat absorbed or endothermic reaction , consume a lot of heat , from
And to prevent burning. Such as Al (OH) 3 can play in PP flame retardant effect. It is a non- flame-retardant filling aids . When the temperature
No more than 200 ℃, hydration molecules and Al (OH) 3 combined with very strong, even at 230 ℃ for continuous heating will not significantly decompose.
When the polymer is exposed to heat , one of the Al (OH) 3 hydrated plays the role of heat . When the temperature is higher than 250 ℃, the polymer combustion,
Al (OH) 3 decomposes to absorb a lot of heat , and Glycerol monostearate generate water . Water vapor , and absorb a large amount of heat , thereby reducing the polymer
Temperature of PP pyrolysis gas combustion products, the speed is very slow , less than the concentration of combustion can be maintained , thereby preventing burning.
Low smoke , low cost, versatile, new composite "green" flame retardant PP 21st century focus of the study .
Polypropylene (PP) is a hydrocarbon material , heat of combustion , it is not entirely produced by burning smoke PVC lubricant and toxic gases, its application is limited . In order to improve flame retardant PP , broadening its field of application , you must add flame retardants.
A , PP fire retardant classification
PP flame retardant more categories, according to the basic performance is divided into inorganic and organic flame retardants ; according to high and low molecular weight divided into low molecular weight and high molecular weight flame retardant ; divided by use of additive flame retardant and reactive flame retardant . Which , by the use of method of classification is more commonly used classification methods . Flame retardant is added to the polymer during processing with a flame retardant
Liquid or solid , including phosphate, halogenated hydrocarbons , the advantage of easy to use for a wide range ; those containing reactive flame retardant is Cl,, Br, P and other elements and reactive flame retardant class of compounds , they are copolymerized with the resin to give a resin flame retardant. Two , PP flame approaches, methods and mechanisms
( A ) , flame retardant PP pathway mainly through three kinds of ways to achieve [ 1 ] : ( 1 ) using the additive flame retardant , flame retardant added over mechanical mixing the polymer to achieve flame purpose ; ( 2 ) use of reactive flame retardant, a flame retardant as a reactive monomer that participate in the reaction ,
Grafted to the polymer main chain or side chain , the modified polymer has a flame retardant ; ( 3 ) a flame retardant polymer itself . (B ) , the basic method of flame retardant PP basic methods include: ( 1 ) use of foam or non- foam refractory material coating the surface of PP material , to
With oxygen or thermal isolation ; ( 2 ) through the modification of the modified PP matrix material flame retardant. The second method is the main method . ( Three ) , flame retardant mechanism
1 . Termination of a chain reaction mechanism
PP combustion , the general decomposition Sodium stearate of hydrocarbons. Further oxidation of hydrocarbons at high temperatures, decomposition of free radical HO •. HO • The chain reaction
Makes the flame should continue . Halide decomposition of hydrogen halide (HX). HX can capture high-energy HO • and produce X • and
H 2O, while X • R • reacts with the polymer and the HX, but also capture the HO •. This cycle enables highly active HO • Less
Less will eventually contribute to the ripple cut HO • terminate hydrocarbon combustion flame to achieve the purpose . For PP, halides
Usually without the use of fluoride chloride or bromide or iodide . Because fluoride too lively , the formation of molecular fluorine and very stable
Iodine forming compound is unstable , it is rarely used.
2 . Mechanism of protective film
Flame temperature in the combustion swells into a layer of non-combustible protective film covering the surface of the material , isolated from the air and fire retardant . In
Phosphate flame retardant in the PP phosphate, halogen hydrocarbon ester. They differentiate to form a layer of porous insulating film coke , separated
Absolutely air to prevent heat transfer , and thus play a role in flame .
3 . Cooling mechanism
Flame retardant polymer surface can PVC heat stabilizer for window melt at a lower temperature , the latent heat absorbed or endothermic reaction , consume a lot of heat , from
And to prevent burning. Such as Al (OH) 3 can play in PP flame retardant effect. It is a non- flame-retardant filling aids . When the temperature
No more than 200 ℃, hydration molecules and Al (OH) 3 combined with very strong, even at 230 ℃ for continuous heating will not significantly decompose.
When the polymer is exposed to heat , one of the Al (OH) 3 hydrated plays the role of heat . When the temperature is higher than 250 ℃, the polymer combustion,
Al (OH) 3 decomposes to absorb a lot of heat , and Glycerol monostearate generate water . Water vapor , and absorb a large amount of heat , thereby reducing the polymer
Temperature of PP pyrolysis gas combustion products, the speed is very slow , less than the concentration of combustion can be maintained , thereby preventing burning.
2013年9月27日星期五
aluminum sulfate wastewater in food processing applications
Different stages in the food industry wastewater generated features are not the same. The main raw material in the first washing is suspended contamination produced, and in the production and PVC
foaming board stabilizer processing stage is mainly organic contamination, and in the forming stage as compared to additive contamination. The aluminum sulfate wastewater treatment in the food processing which stage it? Its application is kind of how it?
Aluminum sulfate in the food wastewater treatment applications
In the food industry wastewater, for some small colloidal particles, or some colloidal solution, difficult or impossible to subsidence occurred adding chemical coagulants aluminum sulfate wastewater, making it easy to form large particles settling to remove. Wastewater colloid state of proteins and polysaccharides, ie after dosing oxidized PE WAX coagulation better removal.
Commonly used in the food processing wastewater coagulation agent
Lime, ferrous sulfate, ferric chloride and aluminum sulfate. Lime is generally not used alone, often used in conjunction with other agents, the optimal dosage and pH should be determined by experiments. Aluminum sulfate in waste water treatment in the food, in addition to a coagulant, but also can serve as a redox agent, alkaline food waste can be used as the acid modifier. It is the versatility in the alkaline waste water chemicals.
Aluminum sulfate in the food wastewater treatment applications
In the food industry wastewater, for some small colloidal particles, or some colloidal solution, difficult or impossible to subsidence occurred adding chemical coagulants aluminum sulfate wastewater, making it easy to form large particles settling to remove. Wastewater colloid state of proteins and polysaccharides, ie after dosing oxidized PE WAX coagulation better removal.
Commonly used in the food processing wastewater coagulation agent
Lime, ferrous sulfate, ferric chloride and aluminum sulfate. Lime is generally not used alone, often used in conjunction with other agents, the optimal dosage and pH should be determined by experiments. Aluminum sulfate in waste water treatment in the food, in addition to a coagulant, but also can serve as a redox agent, alkaline food waste can be used as the acid modifier. It is the versatility in the alkaline waste water chemicals.
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