intenal lubricant widely used in the actual processing

Lubricants plastic widely used in the actual processing of plastic, for example kneading, the rolling process, to prevent adhesion of the polymer cartridge suppressing friction and heat, and the load torque decreases kneading, thereby preventing the polymer
material of the heat deterioration. In the  WSD PVC flame retardant extrusion molding, to improve flowability, the polymer material and to improve adhesion
of the barrel and the die, to prevent and reduce retentate. Another film but also to improve the appearance and gloss.
Plastic lubricants can be divided into effect, the two plastic lubricants, intenal lubricant is mainly to improve the frictional
heat the metal surface of the polymer melt and processing equipment. Lubricants plastic outer poor compatibility with the polymer is easy to migrate out from the melt, so the lubrication can be formed in a WSD Processing aid  thin layer of plastic and metal melt interface. Plastic lubricant has good compatibility with the polymer, intenal lubricant which serves to reduce the effect of cohesion between
the polymer molecules within the polymer, thereby improving the plastic melt in the heat of friction and melt flowability. Commonly used lubricants are stearic acid and salts thereof outside; plastic lubricant is a low molecular weight polymer. A plastic lubricant with different polymers under different processing conditions or exhibit different lubrication, such as high temperature,
high pressure, the lubricant will be squeezed out of the inside and outside of the lubricant becomes.

In the actual performance of the lubricant with a variety of plastics processing

The actual performance of the lubricant with a variety of plastic materials, such as kneading, the rolling process to prevent adhesion of the polymer cartridge suppressing friction and heat, and the load torque decreases kneading, thereby preventing the polymer material thermal degradation. In the extrusion molding, to improve flowability, the polymer material and  WSD one pack stabilizer to improve adhesion of the barrel and the die, to prevent and reduce retentate. Another film but also to improve the appearance and gloss. From the perspective of processing machinery, in mixing, rolling, etc. slush molding process, external lubricant has an important role in extrusion, injection molding, the lubricant is more effective.
The amount of lubricant is generally 0.5% to 1%, the choice should pay attention to the following aspects:
Flow properties (1) of the polymer molding process needs have been met, then the role of the main considerations lubrication to ensure internal and external balance;
(2) the effectiveness of the lubrication, it can be in the temperature during molding, the plastic surface to form a complete liquid film, and may be so close to the melting point of the lubricant outside the molding temperature, but to a difference of 10 ℃ ~ 30 ℃ order to form a complete film;
(3) When selecting a lubricant in production, should make WSD PVC lubricants  it meet the following requirements:
(4) compatibility with moderate size, internal, external lubrication balance resin; non-blooming, easy to scale;
(5) surface gravity is small, small viscosity, at the interface of scalable, easy to form an interface layer;
(6) as far as possible without reducing the WSD Polyethylene wax  excellent properties of the polymer, does not affect the performance of the secondary processing of plastics;
(6) itself is excellent in heat resistance and chemical stability, does not decompose during processing, non-volatile;
(7) non-corrosive, does not pollute the film, there is no toxicity.

What are the characteristics of siliceous plastic lubricant

Product Features: Excellent moisture, waterproof, dustproof, shock-absorbing, blocking, buffering, noise lubrication, sealing and damping properties.
 Excellent high temperature performance: a wide temperature operating range applies (-40 ~ 200 ℃), good viscosity-temperature performance, eliminate carbide thermal oxidative stability, low temperature fluidity, temperature, temperature difference at different damping WSD Plastic impact modifier  torque results excellent, smooth, Excellent noise performance lubrication. Excellent adhesive properties: a high compression ratio of the oil molecules, very outstanding adhesion properties, the drawing performance is significantly (synthetic polymer materials and metal materials have high adhesion), good shear stability and electrical insulation, ultra Long reciprocating actuator life. Excellent stability: high chemical inertness (acid, alkali reaction is not active), the loss is not easy, not volatile at room temperature, no carbonation, no hardening resistance stable, very excellent mechanical stability, safe and nontoxic. Excellent compatibility: anti-corrosion, anti-rust, and most plastics and rubber, various WSD Chlorinated paraffin  media good compatibility. Recommended Applications:
1, between long-term lubrication for plastic / plastic, plastic / metal, metal / rubber low or wide temperature and sliding bearings, suitable for pneumatic valves, valve body and dynamic seals lubricated  piston and cylinder seal;
2, automotive transmission gear for extended temperature environments, the number of idle stepper motor, control cables (throttle, brake), fuser film lubrication closed permanently lubricated on the speedometer, printers, copiers fuser assembly;
3, for cold starting when needed to reduce the  WSD Stabilizers for pipe starting torque of the workplace, such as long-lasting lubrication electronic clock, cameras, optical instruments, transmitters, refrigerator fan bearings, mobile refrigeration equipment and servo gears.

Paraffin put more put less plasticizer is internal / external lubricant

pvc products , the wax is put more plasticizers, put less is internal / external lubricant ?
Paraffin said here refers to the full name of " wax " or " paraffin " ?
I read some of the recipe data , some WSD Titanium dioxide rutile  put more than 20 PHR , put some 0.5 PHR.
2 . Put more than 20 PHR definitely soft products plasticizer use , and that this situation will not have a lubricating effect ? Inside or outside lubrication lubrication ?
3 release 0.5 PHR , is not no use as a plasticizer ? Only as a lubricant ? Inside or outside lubrication lubrication ? And this ratio is only hard copies of articles for the formulation , and not for  WSD Plastic impact modifier the soft goods formulations are typical chlorinated plasticizer . Copies may want to add to the dozens . All adds a plasticizer has the role of lubrication . But within five hardware products , or the need to add additional components within the slide . Added to 20 parts plus without actually depends on the slip process , as well as product performance, such as the current size of the host processing .
 Paraffin is carbon saturated hydrocarbons , petrochemicals inside out , which is used in pvc play a significant WSD Polyethylene wax  role outside the slide , add the amount is generally less than 1 .
 The role of the gap between the two played in pvc processing is relatively large . See you write so seriously , I suggest you book early aspects of pvc look , or online to understand their role under the type of pvc accessories . Easy to understand for the recipe .

Pvc composite stabilizer when using the issues that need attention

Now inside the home when the renovation will always be involved in a variety of coatings, paints, latex, etc., and pvc composite stabilizer is also a large number of these kind of decoration materials. As we all know, this material is a polymer compound used in the process, we need to pay attention to a lot of precautions.
First of all, before we open the WSD PVC lubricants  packaging of this material, we must ensure that the air circulation around. Because pvc composite stabilizer is highly volatile characteristics, while some of the material composition if not timely flow will cause some damage to the human body in a small space. This is why after the house renovated, within three months do not advise clients to stay, but you want to come out of vacant houses, ventilation diffuser.
Ensure that the air circulation around after we unpack, they also need to know that this material is a liquid or powder form. Is divided into two kinds of liquid and solid existence Pvc composite stabilizer under normal circumstances. If it is a liquid, we use the process on  the need to pay attention to a lot of problems, can not let these material gets on our skin, but can not let our mouth ENT inside the eye gets these WSD PVC flame retardant  things. When in use must be primarily own security.
The powdery composite stabilizer, we need to keep dry surroundings, pay attention to the fire. In general, a powdery stabilizer liquid stabilizer avoidance safer convenience. But nevertheless, we are both in use which we still need to pay attention to their own protection. As long as we have a reasonable use of these materials, while WSD Azodicarbonamide  avoiding disadvantages, we can bring endless benefits for our building homes.

Component structure and application details of anatase titanium dioxide

First, the composition and structure of the rapid development of anatase titanium dioxide industry , anatase titanium dioxide industry has undergone great changes. So I believe the application of its products, netizens have also had a lot of knowledge and understanding. Here are the experts gives a detailed introduction. ( A ) , oil and water-based cosmetics into the anatase titanium dioxide , due to its chemical stability, high refractive index , high hiding power , whiteness is very good, and  PVC lubricants pollution , it is widely used in the field of cosmetics , from cosmetic whitening effect.
Features : ①, whiteness, hiding power is very strong. ②, the weather is very strong , suitable sunscreen whitening system. Usage and dosage : ①, widely used in cosmetic whitening powder, foundation, powder , pearl cream , facial mask, sunscreen and other cosmetic products. ②, sufficiently dispersed into the powder medium and then added to the system used , must ensure the uniform dispersion added . ( Two ) , cosmetic grade titanium dioxide Security: This series has been tested not hazardous to humans . And eye contact may cause mild eye discomfort . When in contact with the skin , does not appear adverse reactions. Enamel transparency with anatase titanium dioxide prepared , and has a small mass , impact resistance, good mechanical properties, colorful, easy to pollution.
(C ) Application Guide: wherein the aqueous dispersion of titanium dioxide can be easily added to the water , stir dispersed into the emulsion . Optional polyol is water dispersible carrier , you can easily and most reasonable use with cosmetics . Made of human skin slightly acidic , so weakly acidic skin care products should be matched . Second, the application performance with details Note We know that in everyday life we ​​are exposed from time to time on the application of titanium dioxide , for example, cosmetics, paints and the like, then the performance of  Chlorinated paraffin specific applications for titanium dioxide , what does ? Here are some detailed description: 1 , and the main way to improve the stability of anatase titanium dioxide whiteness affect the elements of anatase titanium dioxide whiteness there are many, for example, have an impact mineral resources , but also the impact of equipment and key technologies. Proved by several major factors affecting the degree of whiteness are: quality hydrolysis , removal of the impurity element and calcination conditions .
Anatase titanium dioxide hydrolysis technology , currently in the country have mainly two types of pressurized and atmospheric hydrolysis , hydrolysis and product quality from the point of view, the quality of atmospheric hydrolysis under normal circumstances are better, hydrolysis uniform particle size . To ensure good water quality , must take the concentrated liquid titanium quality indicators , control iron titanium ratio and solid content within the specified range , while increasing control of the operating conditions of hydrolysis . 2 , by surface treatment to improve application performance titanium dioxide powder is a very strong polarity , the hydrophilic nature is oleophobic , if the adsorption air and other types of pollutants , the dispersibility of the water relatively low, we often need to be processed on its surface , the treating agent is used frequently hydrated alumina and hydrated silica. 3, stable particle size distribution of titanium dioxide , titanium dioxide dispersion and improved ways to  stearic acid hiding on the titanium dioxide particle size distribution is a more complex indicators , which it has serious implications for the application of titanium dioxide pigment performance and product performance , therefore, dispersion of research we can analyze directly from the particle size distribution. Elements on the titanium dioxide particle size distribution is relatively complex , the first primary particle size hydrolysis , the hydrolysis by the control and regulating method for making the primary particle size can be maintained within a certain range. Followed by calcination temperature , calcination metatitanic process , the particles undergo a transformation of crystalline phase and growth, proper control of temperature, so that the growth of particles can be maintained within a certain range.

Plastic heat stabilizer by category

 Heat stabilizers are a class of polymers can prevent or reduce the heat in the course of processing and degradation or cross-linking occurs , extending the life of composite additives . Usual stabilizers can be divided into categories according to the main component of salt , fatty acid soaps , organotin compounds, heat stabilizers, and the pure compound classes of organic compounds . 1 ) Heat stabilizer salt : salt stabilizer is the Stabilizers for pipe  combination of the " base " of lead salts of inorganic and organic acids , such stabilizer having excellent heat resistance , weather resistance and electrical insulating properties , low cost transparency is poor, there is a certain toxicity, dosage is generally 0.5% to 5.0 %. ( Source Global polyurethane network ) 2 ) a fatty acid based heat stabilizer : Such a thermal stabilizer is a compound of a fatty acid composition of roots and metal ions , also called metal soap heat stabilizers , acid groups , and its performance and the kind of metal ions , generally the amount of 0.1% to 3.0%.
3 ) organotin heat stabilizers : class PVC heat stabilizer molecule with chlorine atoms to form unstable ligand and the ligand organotin carboxylate group and a chlorine atom unstable replacement . Features such heat stabilizers are high stability , good transparency , heat resistance, the downside is expensive.
 4 ) Composite type heat stabilizer : Such a thermal stabilizer is a metal salt or soap as a kind of liquid or solid based compound and an organic tin -based compound , wherein the metal salts are calcium - magnesium - zinc , barium - calcium - zinc, barium - zinc and  PVC plasticizer barium - cadmium ; common organic acids such as organic acids, naphthenic acid, oleic acid, benzoic acid and salicylic acid. 5 ) an organic compound heat stabilizer : Such a heat stabilizer except for a few primary stabilizers may be used alone (mainly nitrogen containing organic compound ) , but also a high boiling point include polyhydric alcohols and phosphites , phosphites often stabilizer, the metal can improve the weather resistance, transparency of the composite material , to improve the surface color of the article. Mechanism of action of a thermal stabilizer 2PVC
1 ) absorption and HCL, inhibit its auto- catalysis. Such stabilizers include lead salts , organic acid metal soaps , organic tin compounds, epoxy compounds, phenol salts and metal thiolate . They can react with HCL , HCL off PVC suppression response. 2 ) replacement of PVC molecules suppress unstable allylic chlorine atom de PVC. Organotin stabilizers such as a chlorine atom with an unstable ligand binding molecule PVC polyene structure with an addition reaction , a ligand , a chlorine atom with an unstable organic tin substitution 3 ) , formed in the destruction of a large conjugated system reduce coloration . Unsaturated acid salts or esters containing double bonds , and the PVC molecules conjugated diene double bond addition reaction , thereby destroying the structure of the conjugate , inhibiting discoloration. 4 ) capture free radicals and prevent the oxidation reaction . As the phenolic heat stabilizer can be added to block off the HCL, because Polyethylene wax  phenol can be given by H atoms and radical degradation of PVC macromolecular radical coupling , not react with O2 forming material , and a heat stabilizing effect . Such a thermal stabilizer , one or both may have several roles .
 Ideal for PVC heat stabilizers should be a versatile substance , or a mixture of some of the material, they are able to perform the following functions : First, replacement lively, unstable substituents ; second is to absorb and neutralize the release of PVC processing HCL, eliminating autocatalytic degradation of HCL ; Third neutralize or inactivate catalytic degradation of metal ions and other harmful impurities ; Fourth, through various forms of chemical reactions can be blocked unsaturated bond continues to grow , inhibiting degradation coloring ; five is the best shield against ultraviolet protective effect . Generally, heat stabilizers according to their performance with the use of special , very little is used alone , but most of the species in a powder form , some of which are highly toxic chemicals. For ease of use , to prevent dust poisoning, reduce toxic substances or substitute non-toxic substances, at home and abroad in recent years developed a wide variety of composite stabilizer , for example , the world famous German brand composite stabilizer Bear series , the United States , Germany, Japan , Netherlands and other countries , or organotin compound organotin stabilizers have a considerable market in China . Therefore , the development of China's efforts to promote the use of high efficiency, low cost , no dust pollution and toxic or low toxicity of new composite stabilizer is an urgent need for the development of China's plastics industry .

PVC heat stabilizers commonly used test methods

To introduce PVC heat stabilizers of two common test methods. Something called : Torque Rheometer test method ; second test called the roll blackened test method.
PVC heat stabilizers torque rheometer test method
Torque rheometer is an imitation of  PVC foaming board stabilizer the actual PVC processing a typical small scale type instrument . The outside of the instrument has a closed processing tank , through a computer connected to the instrument can be controlled by the temperature of the processing tank , and the rotation of the two rollers inside the added mass of material is generally a torque rheometer 60 ~ 80 g, depending on the instrument models and different. Experimental steps : preparing in advance the type comprising a heat stabilizer masterbatch based masterbatch formulations except PVC Usually there ACR, CPE, CaCO3, TiO2, lubricants and the like . Torque rheometer temperature set in advance , and when the temperature rose to specify the speed smoothly , it will weigh a good mix added processing tank , quickly closed the recording of various parameters on the computer connected to it , is the flow curve . After processing is complete, you can also get different physical characteristics of the extrudate , such as whiteness, whether shaping , smoothness and so on. With these parameters, you can determine the PVC heat stabilizer for fittings  appropriate industrial potential heat stabilizers , heat stabilizers suitable should have proper torque and plasticizing time , extrusion molding should be better and whiteness, smooth surface and so on. Torque rheometer between laboratory research and industrial mass production to build a convenient bridge .
PVC heat stabilizers roll blackened test
As a method for dynamic determination based adjuvant effect of a thermal stabilizer , in the absence of double roller dynamic rheometer using a twin roll selected experiments tableting equipment, which together with the high-speed mixed powder , tablet molding, the  carbon black resulting samples were subjected to extruded repeatedly until the black test piece until the recording time of the fully black , called blackening time . By comparing the length of time to determine the blackening of different thermal stabilizers for PVC thermal stability effect.

PVC impact modifier which species

 PVC impact modifier and sometimes also from the plasticizing effect , it can also be seen as a plasticizer and an impact modifier for PVC resin are the following :
 ( A ) chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) using the product of HDPE powder was suspended in an aqueous phase chlorination , so as to increase the degree of chlorination of the original crystalline HDPE become amorphous elastomer. Used as a toughening agent C? E, typically containing 25-45 volume % C1 . CPE wide sources , low prices, in addition to a toughening effect , but also has a cold resistance, weather resistance , flame resistance , and chemical resistance . Currently in our country is dominated  PVC window stabilizer by the CPE impact modifiers, especially in the production of PVC pipes and profiles , most factories use CPE. Amount is generally 5-15 copies. CPE can be used in conjunction with other toughening agents , such as rubber , EVA , etc. , the better , but the rubber additives intolerance aging.
 (2) ACR methyl methacrylate , copolymers of acrylic acid ester monomer , ACR impact modifier is best developed in recent years , it can increase the impact strength of the material several times . ACR core-shell structure are an impact modifier , methyl methacrylate - ethyl acrylate composition of the shell polymer , the rubber elastic body segment to the crosslinked butyl acrylate is formed on the particle distribution of the inner core . In particular, impact modified for outdoor use PVC plastic products , PVC plastic window profiles using as an impact modifier ACR compared with other modifiers have good processing performance , smooth surface, anti-aging , high strength fillet features , but the price is more than CPE, high 1 /3. Common foreign brands such as K-355, the general amount of 6-10 parts . Current domestic production manufacturers ACR impact modifier fewer manufacturers use less.
(3) MBS is methyl methacrylate , and styrene- butadiene copolymer of the monomers . MBS solubility parameter between 94-9.5 , close to the solubility parameter of PVC , so when good compatibility with PVC , it 's most important feature: After joining PVC products can be made transparent . Usually the person added 10-17 parts of PVC , PVC can be 6-15 times the impact strength , but the amount more than 30 MBS phr , PVC impact strength decreased. MBS itself has good impact resistance, transparency, and  Plastic impact modifier light transmittance of more than 90 %, and at the same time to improve the impact resistance of the resin other properties , such as tensile strength , elongation at break little effect . MBS higher price , often with other impact modifiers, such as EAV, CPE, SBS and the like used . MBS poor heat resistance , poor weather, do not suitable for long-term use of outdoor products, generally do not do plastic window profiles produced by the impact modifier . (4) SBS styrene , butadiene , styrene ternary block copolymer , also known as thermoplastic rubber, thermoplastic elastomers belonging to its structure can be divided into two kinds of star and linear . Ratio of styrene and butadiene SBS is mainly 30 /70, 40 /60 , 28 / 72 , 48/ 52 several. Mainly used as HDPE, PP, PS impact modifier in an amount 5-15 parts . SBS its main role is to improve the low temperature impact resistance. SBS poor weather, do not suitable for long-term use of outdoor products . (5) ABS styrene ( 40% -50 % ) , butadiene ( 25% -30 % ) , acrylonitrile ( 25% -30 % ) terpolymer used mainly plastics , are also used as PVC impact modified, low-temperature impact modifiers also very effective . When added in an amount of 50 parts of ABS , PVC and the impact strength can be quite pure ABS. ABS is generally added in an amount of 5-20 parts , ABS poor weather , suitable for long-term outdoor use products, generally do not  processing aid do plastic window profiles produced by the impact modifier . (6) EVA is a copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate acid , vinyl acetate is introduced to change the crystallinity of polyethylene , vinyl acetate content of large difference , and the different refractive index EVA and PVC , transparent products is difficult to obtain , therefore , often the EVA resin and used with other impact . EVA added in an amount of 10 parts or less.

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) profiles analyzed factors discoloration

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) profiles influencing factors analysis discoloration discoloration PVC profile extrusion profiles should include the processing, storage and use of the process of aging discoloration ( yellow, dimmed , etc. ) as well as the gloss disappears after aging profiles and chalking phenomenon ( white profiles ) . Which refers to the white profiles are bright and shiny with a product , gloss white powder disappeared and is still a discoloration profile profiles . The color depends on the PVC profile joint action of external and internal conditions. Which external conditions , including UV irradiation , certain temperature, humidity and  PVC stabilizer oxygen conditions , air pollution ( dust , sulfur , acid rain , etc. ) ; and internal conditions are PVC degradation HCl molecule itself off . This paper analyzes the impact of external climatic conditions on PVC degradation of color in the start, from the recipe sections discuss heat stabilizers, pigments such as titanium dioxide , and other effects on PVC profile discoloration and the controlling factors. So as to analyze the problem and prevent discoloration of PVC profiles , and provide a theoretical basis for the development of high-end PVC profiles . An external factor profiles discolored 1.1 ultraviolet irradiation
Extraterrestrial solar radiation to a continuous air layer is light spectrum , the wavelength range of 0.7-3000nm, wherein the radiation portion of the 300-400nm UV degradation is mainly caused by the polymer . Energy in the range of 290 ~ 400nm ultraviolet photons is 419 ~ 297kJ / E, the polymer was significantly higher than the bond energy of typical bond . Of course, regional ultraviolet irradiation intensity at different latitudes on Earth is not the same , which determines the different parts of the durability of PVC profiles require different formulations . 1.2 Temperature and humidity
In addition to UV radiation , should  aluminium stearate also consider the effects of temperature , humidity and regional climate. As the temperature rises, thermal degradation and photodegradation may overlap, even dominant. This is mainly due to the profile of the infrared absorption of solar light into heat , so that the surface temperature can be high students , can accelerate aging discoloration .
Moisture in the air (humidity ) is one cause of degradation of the PVC . Water can be extracted , and photochemical reactions involved in the hydrolysis of certain pigments or titanium dioxide which affects the PVC degradation. In addition, since the outdoor temperature , condensing moisture in the air condenses on the surface of the profile , wherein the composition contains the oxygen , thereby becoming oxidized water can accelerate the degradation of the polymer . 1.3 Air Pollution
Aging caused by radiation plastic , i.e., the radiation reaches the earth's surface by the direct light of the sun ( " solar radiation" ) and light scattering ( " sky radiation" ) composed of two parts , is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the wavelength of the light scattering power ( Swiss 's law ) . Airborne particles ( dust ) can cause the scattering of sunlight , which means that short-wave scattering wavelength easier to reach the ground. Thus , the particles suspended in the air that reaches the surface of the ultraviolet light may be  PVC stabilizer enhanced to accelerate the degradation of PVC . Sulfur pollution response lead stabilizers for PVC profile system, a relatively high sulfur content in the air conditions , lead stabilizers may occur to generate colored PbS ( black ) . When the profiles are acid rain , in the strong sunlight, acid rain, the remnants of the surface profile generation "HS-" ions , which ions can be dissolved in water and the presence of Pb2 + profile role , can also form precipitates leaving the surface profile generate colored " cure " pollution phenomenon .

By type and mechanism of PVC heat stabilizers brief

 Type of plastic heat stabilizer is a kind of heat stabilizers can prevent or reduce the polymer is heated in the course of processing and degradation or cross-linking additives to extend the life of the composite material. Usual stabilizers can be divided into categories according to the main component of salt, fatty acid soaps, organotin compounds, heat stabilizers, and the pure compound classes of organic compounds.
   Heat stabilizers salt: salt stabilizer is the combination of the "base" of lead salts of inorganic  acrylic processing and organic acids, such stabilizer having excellent heat resistance, weather resistance and electrical insulating properties, low cost, transparent poor, there is a certain toxicity, dosage is generally 0.5% to 5.0%. Fatty acid based heat stabilizer: Such a thermal stabilizer is a compound consisting of a fatty acid with magnesium hydroxide  a metal ion root, also known as hot metal soap stabilizers, its performance and the kind of metal ions and acid radicals, generally in an amount of 0.1% to 3.0 %.
 Composite heat stabilizer: Such a thermal stabilizer is a metal salt or soap as a kind of liquid or solid based and organic tin compound-based compound, wherein the metal salts are calcium - magnesium - zinc, barium - calcium - zinc, barium - zinc and barium - cadmium; common organic acids such as organic acids, naphthenic acid, oleic acid, benzoic acid and salicylic acid.
  Organic heat stabilizers: Except for a few of such primary heat stabilizer stabilizer may be used alone (primarily nitrogen containing organic compound), but also a high boiling point include polyhydric alcohols and phosphites, phosphates and metal stabilizers often and with agents that can improve weather resistance, transparency of the composite material, to improve the surface color of the article. Mechanism of pvc heat stabilizers and absorption HCL, inhibit autocatalysis. Such stabilizers include lead salts, organic acid metal soaps, organic tin compounds, epoxy compounds, phenol salts and metal thiolate. They can react with HCL, HCL off PVC suppression response. PVC substitution labile allylic chlorine in the molecule atom suppression de PVC. Organotin stabilizers such as ligand binding molecules and instability occurs PVC chlorine atom, a ligand, a chlorine atom with an unstable organotin substitution. An addition reaction with the polyene structure, the formation of large conjugated system damage and reduce coloration. Unsaturated acid salts or esters containing double bonds, and the PVC molecules conjugated diene double bond addition reaction, thereby destroying the structure of the conjugate, inhibiting discoloration.
Capturing free radicals and prevent the oxidation reaction. As the phenolic heat stabilizer can be added to titanium dioxide  block off the HCL, because phenol can be given by H atoms and radical degradation of PVC macromolecular radical coupling, not react with O2 forming material, and a heat stabilizing effect. Such a thermal stabilizer, one or both may have several roles. Ideal for PVC heat stabilizers should be a versatile substance, or a mixture of some of the material, they are able to perform the following functions: First, replacement lively, unstable substituents; second is to absorb and neutralize the release of PVC processing HCL, eliminating autocatalytic degradation of HCL; Third neutralize or inactivate catalytic degradation of metal ions and other harmful impurities; Fourth, through various forms of chemical reactions can be blocked unsaturated bond continues to grow, inhibiting degradation coloring; five is the best shield against ultraviolet protective effect. Generally, heat stabilizers according to their performance with the use of special, very little is used alone, but most of the species in a powder form, some of which are highly toxic chemicals. For ease of use, to prevent dust poisoning, reduce toxic substances or substitute non-toxic substances, at home and abroad in recent years developed a wide variety of composite stabilizer, for example, the world famous German brand composite stabilizer Bear series, the United States, Germany, Japan, Netherlands and other countries, or organotin compound organotin stabilizers have a considerable market in China. Therefore, the development of China's efforts to promote the use of high efficiency, low cost, no dust pollution and toxic or low toxicity of new composite stabilizer is an urgent need for the development of China's plastics industry.

CBN grinding wheel in the stone 's role

Cubic boron nitride (CBN) grinding wheel is grinding carbide , glass,

ceramics , precious stones high hard and brittle material effects tools in

recent years, with high-speed ultra-precision grinding grinding technology

rapid development of grinding wheels made ​​more high demand, ceramic resin

bonded grinding wheel can no longer meet
Production needs, because of its combination of metal bonded grinding wheel ,

high strength, good formability , long life and other significant

characteristics of the production has been widely used by metal-bonded

diamond wheels are manufactured in different ways there are sintered ,

plating two types , in order to give full play to the role of super abrasive

abroad from the 20th century, the  Plastic impact modifier early 90s with a high temperature brazing

process to develop a new wheel, which wheel is still in the research and

development stage .
The cutting tool is a grinding wheel , which consists of many small and hard

abrasive particles and adhesive bonding agent made ​​of the porous body .

Directly responsible abrasive cutting work must be sharp and has high

hardness, heat resistance and a toughness. Commonly used abrasive alumina (

also known as corundum ) and silicon carbide two kinds . Alumina-based

abrasive , high hardness, good toughness, suitable for grinding steel

material . Silicon carbide abrasive hardness is higher and more sharp , good

thermal conductivity , but more brittle , suitable for grinding cast iron and

carbide grinding wheel in the grinder as a cutting tool with the workpiece

machining side
France . The method is characterized by:
( 1) Since the abrasive grinding wheel itself has a high hardness and heat

resistance , high hardness can be processed so grinding materials such as

hardened steel , carbide, etc. . ( 2 ) determine  Zinc stearate the characteristics of the

grinding wheel and grinding grinding system can make even a trace cutting ,

general ap = 0.001 ~ 0.005mm; grinding speed is high , generally up to v = 30

~ 50m / s; grinder stiffness ; using hydraulic transmission, so grinding can

be obtained economically with high precision (IT6 ~ IT5) and a small surface

roughness (Ra = 0.8 ~ 0.2μm). Grinding is one of the main methods parts

finishing . ( 3 ) As intense friction , leaving the grinding zone temperature

is high. This will cause the workpiece to produce stress and deformation of

the workpiece surface and even cause burns . Therefore, a lot of grinding

coolant must be injected to reduce the grinding temperature . Also from the

coolant and lubrication chip . ( 4 ) grinding large radial forces . This will

cause the machine - grinding wheel - workpiece system flexibility retreat ,

the actual depth of cut less than the nominal depth of cut . Therefore, the

grinding will be completed when the  Optical brightener  light is not to be infeed grinding to

remove the error . ( 5 ) After blunt abrasive , grinding force also increased

, resulting in grain crushing or off, re- exposing the sharp edge , this

feature is called " self-sharpening ." Self-sharpening of the grinding head

in a certain period of time to normal, but over a certain working time should

be performed after manual trimming , grinding force increases so as to cause

vibration , noise, and damage the workpiece surface quality.

Use of lubricants in general precautions

Lubricants varieties are more commonly used external lubricants are paraffin wax, stearic acid and its salts; lubricants with relatively low molecular weight PE, PTFE, PP, etc. These low molecular weight  aluminium stearate polymer is not only excellent lubricants, but also a good external lubricant. Sometimes, a lubricant effect is often not satisfactory, requires several lubricants used in conjunction with a compound resulting lubricant can play a role in many aspects. Better. The amount of lubricant is generally 0.5% to 1%.
In the selection of lubricant, should follow the following principles:
1, if the mobility of the polymer molding process has been to meet the needs of the major considerations lubricant meets the technical requirements, whether to facilitate stripping, in order to ensure internal and external balance.
2, external lubrication is satisfactory, you should see it in the molding, the plastic surface of the liquid film  methyl tin stabilizer can form a complete, therefore, outside the melting point of the lubricant with the molding temperature should be close to, but note there are differences between 10-30 ℃ , so as to form a complete film.
3, the compatibility with the polymer medium size, internal and external lubrication balance, non-blooming, easy to scale.
4, the lubricant is excellent in heat resistance and chemical stability, does not decompose during processing, non-volatile, non-corrosive, non-polluting products, there is no toxicity.

Application performance organic pigments

 Organic Pigments Industrial Technology Development and other industrial technology, its applications continues to expand, higher demands , prompting the related technology to the deeper direction. Organic pigments its requirements can be summarized as follows: ① gentrification products that meet the metal coating durability, weather fastness , heat resistance, solvent resistance, and resistance to migration performance and other requirements ; ② organic pigments dosage of , the development of PVC processing aid  specific applications performance -specific products, such as water , oil , easy dispersibility , high transparency , heat resistance, excellent migration resistance new special formulations , having a high purity crystalline form of certain special features of the organic pigment.
 Applications department requirements to promote the rapid development of organic pigment industry technology , from classical organic synthesis reaction unit ( such as halogenation, nitration , reduction, condensation, diazotization, coupling reaction ) , filtration, separation, drying, grinding process gradually penetrate multidisciplinary areas such as solid state physics chemistry, morphology, powder surface chemistry, interfacial chemistry , solid solution and crystal chemistry , polymer chemistry and powder dispersion technology. Which highlights the research focus for the aluminum stearate  development of new varieties of structural pigments , colored crystal particle surface modification treatment technology, efficient pigment dispersion technology , organic pigments and commercial processing technology and application performance testing and evaluation.
( 1 ) novel chemical structure of the development of varieties pigment
Purpose is to improve the durability of paint , heat stability, resistance to weather fastness , solvent stability and resistance to migration performance ; bright shade , high  PVC foaming board stabilizer tinting strength yellow, orange , red, purple and brown varieties to meet with performance Dacron blue, green copper phthalocyanine pigment to match the requirements. The principal means of synthesis of new heterocyclic structure of the pigment , a good molecular planarity . Symmetry , with a specific substituent , change the molecular polarity , can form intermolecular hydrogen bonds , to improve heat stability and resistance to migration . Based paint durability ( light resistance, weather fastness , heat stability , solvent resistance and migration resistance , etc. ) of the level classification , grade ( high ) , or organic pigments HOP HGP (HighPerformanceOrganicPigments; HighGradePignents), has not only excellent application fastness properties , and value-added products , is high. Undoubtedly increasing organic pigment product formulations to meet specific application areas , high-performance requirements, will be an important trend in the future .

How to detect the purity aluminum potassium sulfate and its components

Potassium aluminum sulfate, aluminum sulfate is a product of the same is acidic chemicals , have adsorption sedimentation, coagulation and sedimentation in water treatment agent. Then for measuring it , is  dibasic lead phosphite not it the same?
Potassium aluminum sulfate Detection
For the detection of the purity aluminum potassium sulfate is usually generated using barium chloride , barium sulphate precipitation. Testing the purity of aluminum potassium sulfate , he first dissolved in water, if barium chloride , in that the resulting precipitate sulfate not only impurities ( not complete reaction of aluminum sulfate or potassium sulfate ) , aluminum potassium sulfate is also out of the ionization ah. Then a semi-permeable membrane filtration filter can be removed alum gel . Using the  PVC heat stabilizer for window mass of barium sulfate ( precipitated barium sulfate ) to obtain the sulfate ion amount of material , in turn, can calculate the mass of potassium aluminum sulfate , aluminum sulfate can calculate the mass fraction of potassium
How to detect the composition of aluminum potassium sulfate
In the laboratory, how should we determine potassium alum ionic components it contains ? 1 , test sulfate : with BaCl2 solution , a white precipitate , adding HNO3 insoluble. 2 , inspection Al3 +: addition of NaOH produce amorphous white flocculent precipitate is dissolved in excess , leads to CO2 reappeared . 3 , test K +: Add sodium tetraphenylborate , a precipitate is proved K +. Add NaClO4 also produced a white precipitate. Or flame reaction can epoxidation of soybean oil  also be used , boron beads experiments are also available.
For potassium aluminum sulfate component detection methods , the same applies to the aluminum sulfate and ammonium alum water for testing. This is because they have adsorption, can produce gel deposition , and chemical raw materials with similar properties . However, the choice of the detection agent will be somewhat different.

The role of aluminum stearate

 Mainly for the production of stearic acid salts : sodium stearate, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, lead stearate, iron stearate, aluminum stearate, cadmium stearate, potassium stearate, are widely used for making cosmetics, plastic cold increase plasticizers , mold release agents , stabilizers , surfactants , rubber vulcanization heat stabilizer for foaming board  accelerator , a waterproofing agent , polishing agent, metal soap, metal mineral flotation agents, softeners , pharmaceuticals , and other organic chemicals. In addition , oil-soluble pigments can be used as a solvent , crayons  organic pigments transfer slip agents , wax polishing agent , stearic acid glycerides such as emulsifiers . Stearic acid is widely used in the plastics industry PVC plastic pipe , plates, profiles , film manufacturing . Of PVC heat stabilizers, has good lubricity and good light and heat stability. The plastic PVC pipe , the stearic acid helps to prevent the processing of the " coke " in the PVC film is an effective process to add a heat stabilizer , and can be placed defense storm caused sulfide finished film discoloration. Stearic acid in the rubber industry and processing of synthetic rubber play an important role . Stearic acid is a natural rubber, synthetic rubber and widely used in latex curing active agent, also used as plasticizers and plastic processing aid  softeners . In the process of the production of synthetic rubber stearic acid to be added as emulsifier in the manufacture of foam rubber , stearic acid can be used as foaming agent, stearic acid is also used as rubber release agent . Cosmetic cream and cream for industrial stearic acid skin care products from these two types of emulsion , so that it becomes stable white paste . Stearic acid or manufacturing honey and almond milk the main raw material . Stearic acid esters in the cosmetics industry, soap more extensive use .

PVC impact modifier use of some

( 1 ) Chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) is the use of HDPE in the water phase of the powdery product by suspension chlorination , so as to increase the degree of chlorination of HDPE original crystals become amorphous elastomer. Used as a toughening agent C? E, containing 25-45 % amount is generally C1 . CPE wide source of low price, in addition to a toughening effect , but also has a cold resistance, weather resistance , flame resistance , and chemical resistance . At present in China is dominated by CPE impact modifiers , especially in the production of PVC pipes and profiles , most  plastic processing aid plants use CPE. Generally added in an amount of 5-15 copies. CPE can be used in conjunction with other plasticizer , such as rubber , EVA , the effect is better, but even in aging rubber additives .
(2) ACR is methyl methacrylate , acrylate monomers , ACR is best developed in recent years, impact modifiers , which can increase the impact strength of the material several times. ACR core-shell structure is an impact modifier , methyl methacrylate - ethyl acrylate composition of the shell polymer , crosslinked acrylic or butyl rubber elastic body is formed as the core of the particle distribution of the inner segment . Particularly suitable for outdoor use PVC plastic products, impact-modified PVC plastic window profiles used in the ACR as impact modifiers and other modifiers processing performance compared with the smooth surface, good aging resistance , high strength welding angle characteristics, but the price CPE, high 1 /3. Common foreign brands such as K-355, the general amount 6-10 copies. The current domestic production of the manufacturers ACR impact modifier fewer manufacturers use less.
 (3) MBS is methyl methacrylate , butadiene and styrene copolymer of the monomers . MBS between the solubility parameter of 94-9.5 , with PVC solubility parameter close, so when the good compatibility with PVC , its most important feature: After adding PVC products can be made transparent . Generally added in PVC 10-17 parts of PVC , the impact strength can be increased 6-15 times, but the MBS in amount more than 30 parts , PVC impact strength decreased. MBS itself has a good impact resistance , good transparency , light transmission rate of 90 %, and to improve the impact resistance while other properties of the resin , such as tensile strength , elongation at break little effect . MBS higher prices , often with other impact modifiers, such magnesium hydroxide flame retardant  as EAV, CPE, SBS , etc. and use . MBS poor heat resistance , weather resistance , not suitable for long-term outdoor use made ​​products, generally do not do plastic doors and windows profile production impact modifiers .
 (4) SBS is a styrene -butadiene- styrene block copolymers, also known as thermoplastic rubber, thermoplastic elastomer part , the structure can be divided into star and line two kinds. SBS ratio of styrene to butadiene is mainly 30 /70, 40 /60 , 28 / 72 , 48/ 52 several. Mainly used as HDPE, PP, PS impact modifiers in an amount 5-15 parts . SBS primary role is to improve the low temperature impact resistance . SBS poor weather, not suitable for long-term outdoor use made ​​products.
5) ABS is a styrene ( 40% -50 % ) , butadiene ( 25% -30 % ) , acrylonitrile ( 25% -30 % ) terpolymer used mainly plastic , but also with the impact of PVC modification of the modification effect is also very good low temperature impact . ABS is added in an amount of 50 parts , PVC , the  plastic processing aid impact strength can be quite pure ABS . ABS is generally added in an amount of 5-20 parts , ABS poor weather , unsuitable for long-term outdoor use products, generally do not do plastic doors and windows profile production impact modifiers .
(6) EVA is an ethylene vinyl acetate and acid copolymer, vinyl acetate changed into a crystalline polyethylene , vinyl acetate content of a large difference , and the different refractive index EVA and PVC , transparent products is difficult to obtain , therefore , often the EVA resin and used with other impact . EVA dosage of 10 parts or less .

metal soaps waterproofing agents some of the main classification

 Waterproofing agents of metal soaps soluble metal soaps waterproofing agent and a metal soap asphalt waterproofing agent II . Water soluble metal soaps agent is stearic acid , potassium hydroxide , ammonia and water , by mixing the heat saponification preparation , mixed in the cement mortar or concrete, the cement particles and aggregates can form between the hydrophobic adsorption layer and the formation of insoluble matter , from the  heat stabilizer for panel filling tiny pores and clogging effect of the capillary passage . Bituminous waterproofing agent is a metal soap, liquid asphalt , mixing lime and water , formed by drying finely ground , mixed with the cement mortar and concrete , the main plug from the capillary fill tiny pores and passage effect. Within the mixed metal soaps waterproofing agents for concrete waterproofing and resistance to chloride ion effect study
Concrete is a porous material , a pore size in the nanometer to millimeter . If the surface in contact with the aqueous solution by capillary action will be adsorbed to the surface of concrete and  aluminium hydroxide further penetrate into the concrete ; same time , the solution of harmful substances such as chlorine ion , sulfate ion and the like can also be easily transported water into the concrete , reinforced concrete structure to bring serious corrosion damage. At present , domestic and foreign has been widely adopted penetration waterproofing agent on the concrete surface water treatment [ 2 ] , but using this traditional approach , the penetration depth of the water repellent is very limited , and in some special cases waterproof effect is not very satisfactory . If you can water repellent mortar or concrete as a component incorporated therein , its protection would be better, this approach is within the mixed water treatment. This paper mainly uses four  Glycerol monostearate different types , two kinds of different dosage of metal soap , add it to the concrete mixture to compare , test and research within the mixed metal soap of concrete compressive strength, water absorption coefficient by capillarity and resistance to chloride ion intrusion ability. A test 1.1 Preparation of raw materials and the test specimen water-cement ratio of concrete specimens was 0.5 , with detailed than in Table 1. Raw materials are used in the experiment from Qingdao local , wherein the maximum particle size of gravel 25mm, sand fineness modulus of 2.9

retardants some special significance

Most plastics are flammable . With the plastic in the construction, furniture, transportation, aviation , aerospace , electrical and other aspects of the widely used to improve  fluorescent brightener the flame retardancy of plastics has become a very urgent issue. Inhibiting polymer flame retardant is a class of flammability additives, they are mostly of the Periodic Table Ⅴ, Ⅶ Ⅲ elements and compounds ; especially phosphorus , bromine , chlorine , antimony and aluminum compounds. Sub- additive flame retardants and reactive types . Flame retardant halogen-containing primarily phosphate and phosphate, a halogenated hydrocarbon , antimony oxide , and aluminum hydroxide . Advantage is easy to use and adaptable . However, the PVC profile stabilizer  addition of capacity of 10 % to 30% , often affect the performance of plastics . Reactive flame retardant containing the elements actually monomer, it has little effect on the plastic properties . Common reactive flame retardants , halogenated anhydrides such as for polyesters , for epoxy resins of tetrabromobisphenol A, and phosphorus for polyurethane polyol. Initially flame retardants used in the U.S. , after the 1960s, the amount of surge current usage after plasticizer. Consuming most varieties of plastic flame retardant polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyurethane foam , unsaturated acrylic processing  polyester , ABS resin and polypropylene.
Most plastic is flammable , its products, which brought a lot of application security risks. Precisely, flame retardants, flame retardants known as more appropriate , because " flame " contains two meanings flame retardant and smoke suppression , compared with the broader concept of flame retardants . However , long time, people have become accustomed to the concept of use of flame retardants , so the current literature is actually referred to in the flame retardant and smoke suppression effect of functional additives in general.

some use of flour brightener

The active ingredients of flour brightener benzoyl peroxide (BPO), learning called benzoyl peroxide , it is our late eighties and started from abroad commonly used in flour food additives , flour brightener is mainly used to bleach flour, while speeding up the  PVC heat stabilizer for fittings ripening of flour . The main purposes : as a plastic catalyst , oil refining, bleaching wax , pharmaceutical manufacturing.
Literature for vinyl units ( vinyl chloride, acrylonitrile , etc. ) and photochemical reactions of polymerization initiators, heat or friction will spontaneously explode , contacting combustibles may cause fire , shall be stored in a cool, dark and attention to fire prevention . The main raw material
The main raw material is flour brightener benzoyl peroxide .
Chemical Characteristics
MF : C14H10O4; (C6H5 C O) 2 O2
Appearance: white or light yellow thin columns , slightly bitter almond odor
Molecular weight: 242.23 boiling point  PVC foaming board stabilizer decomposition ( explosion )
Physical Characteristics
Melting point : 103 ℃ ( decomposition )
Solubility : soluble in water , methanol, soluble in alcohol, ether, acetone , benzene , chloroform, carbon disulfide
Density : relative density ( water = 1 ) 1.33 Stability stable
Health hazard pathways : inhaled , ingested.
Health hazards : This pair of upper respiratory tract irritation. The skin has a strong , irritation and sensitization. Entering the eye can cause damage. Production method
30% of the hydrogen peroxide and caustic reaction of sodium peroxide solution, then with benzoyl chloride derived  epoxidized soybean oil reaction. Reaction conducted at about 0 ℃ , high temperature is caused by decomposition of hydrogen peroxide , benzoyl chloride is easily affected by acid hydrolysis yields. The resultant precipitate benzoyl peroxide filtering, washing , drying derived products . Industrial products benzoyl peroxide content of up to 99% ( two items ) , mp 102-106 ℃.
Mechanism: benzoyl peroxide and the enzyme in the flour under the action of water , react to release active oxygen oxidation of a small amount of flour to wheat flour colored substance reaches the purpose of whitening , and generate the acid, able to flour from mildew role