eighteen simple exposition of sodium

Sodium stearate, calcium stearate and sodium chloride by metathesis reaction derived fine white powder , metallic calcium content of 6.5% , mp 149-155 ℃, heating loss is less than 2% , the plastic additive  relative density of 1.08 , fineness by 0.075mm sieve 99.5% , free acid ( as stearic acid ) 0.5% , in the air, water absorption .
Sodium stearate, calcium stearate and sodium chloride by metathesis reaction derived fine white powder , metallic calcium content of 6.5% , mp 149-155 ℃, heating loss is less than 2% , the relative density of 1.08 , fineness by 0.075mm sieve 99.5% , free acid ( as stearic acid ) 0.5% , in the air, water absorption .
The product can be used as a thermal stabilizer of polyethylene , has excellent lubricity, good processability , and an  PVC stabilizer epoxy compound with zinc soap and having a synergistic effect , can improve the thermal stability, and the base of lead salts and lead soap and used hardware products , you can improve the speed of gelation . This product can be used in polyethylene and polypropylene resins to eliminate residual catalyst on the adverse effects of color and stability . This product is also widely used as a polyolefin , polyester reinforced plastic , phenolic resin, amino resin, thermosetting plastics lubricants and release agents .
Sodium stearate of formula Na (C18H35O2) { i.e. (C17H35COO) Na}, molecular weight 306.46 . 7.51% sodium containing stearic acid 92.50 , purity 99.5%. White powder or white block, with creamy , fatty taste , soluble in water or alcohol-water solution is alkaline due to hydrolysis . Melting point 100 ~ 110 ℃, should be kept in kept in a cool , dry, well  Stearates ventilated place . Sodium stearate, polyethylene can be used as a heat stabilizer , has excellent lubricity, good processability , and an epoxy compound with zinc soap and having a synergistic effect , can improve the thermal stability, and the base of lead salts and lead soaps and for hard products , the gelling speed can be improved . This product can be used in polyethylene and polypropylene resins to eliminate residual catalyst on the adverse effects of color and stability . This product is also widely used as a polyolefin , polyester reinforced plastic , phenolic resin, amino resin, thermosetting plastics lubricants and release agents .

Potassium stearate some simple introduction

1 Stearic acid and potassium hydroxide at elevated temperature , and then cooled to obtain the product .
2 10g of stearic acid was dissolved in 100mL 95% ethanol , with 0.5mol / L alcohol solution of potassium hydroxide titration with Impact modifier  phenolphthalein as an indicator , titrated to the equivalence point, the precipitated potassium stearate soap pump filtration separation . The crude product can be recrystallized from 95% ethanol to give pure product.
Bulking agent ; blowing agents ; anti-caking agent ; emulsifier ; stabilizer. As emulsifiers , can be used in cakes , maximum usage Pigments  is 0.18g/kg. Used as a surfactant and fabric softener .
Potassium stearate, potassium stearate ; potassium stearate white powder , with slight fatty odor . Molecular weight of 322.58 . Soluble in water, alcohol. Slowly soluble in cold water. The litmus and phenolphthalein solution were strongly alkaline , but only to phenolphthalein alcohol solution was slightly alkaline . General merchandise contain a certain proportion of palmitate . Production methods used mainly saponification . With butter, suet and other oils as raw tomatoes with potassium hydroxide solution , saponification reaction, and then salting , separation of glycerol derived. Use of anionic surfactants. Often referred to as potassium soap or soft soap, mainly Optical brightener  used for Cream shampoo and cosmetics as emulsifiers and detergents . The emulsion has a high efficiency, but sensitive to hard water , to produce calcium soaps with hard water , the emulsion variant or destruction , is a calcium -sensitive emulsion , so the cosmetics production process should be noted.
 Properties: potassium stearate appearance of fine white , fluffy powder , creamy feel , no sand feeling, fatty odor , soluble in hot water or alcohol , the solution is alkaline due to hydrolysis .
Main use: This product is widely used in food additives, pharmaceutical , cosmetics and other industries, mainly for food stabilizers, lubricants , emulsifiers , mold release agents , thickeners , accelerators, cosmetic base materials such as glue additive
   Quality index: content greater than 98.0% , acid value :196 -211 , iodine value : less than 4.0% Loss on drying: 4.0% Heavy metal : 10ppm, Arsenic : Less than 3ppm.

metal soaps introduce some of the main waterproofing agent

Waterproofing agents of metal soaps soluble metal soaps (the soluble soap ) waterproofing agent , and asphaltenes II metal soap waterproofing agent . Water soluble metal soaps agent is stearic acid , ammonia , potassium hydroxide ( or soda) and water heating by  magnesium hydroxide flame retardant mixing a saponified preparation waterproofing agent . This product is a paste -like, mixed with the cement mortar or concrete, the cement particles and aggregates can form a hydrophobic adsorption layer and between the formation of insoluble matter , from the tiny pores and clogging the capillary filling passage effect. Bituminous waterproofing agent is a metal soap liquid petroleum asphalt, lime and water, mixing, grinding is made by drying . Mixed with the PVC foaming board stabilizer  cement mortar and concrete ... a pore size in the nanometer to millimeter . If the surface in contact with the aqueous solution by capillary action will be adsorbed to the surface of concrete and further penetrate into the concrete ; same time , the solution of harmful substances such as chlorine ion , sulfate ion and the like can also be easily transported water into the concrete , reinforced concrete structure to bring serious corrosion damage [ 1 ] . At present , domestic and foreign has  red iron oxide been widely adopted penetration waterproofing agent on the concrete surface water treatment [ 2 ] , but using this traditional approach , the penetration depth of the water repellent is very limited , and in some special cases waterproof effect is not very satisfactory . If you can water repellent mortar or concrete as a component incorporated therein , its protection would be better, this approach is within the mixed water treatment. This paper mainly uses four different types , two kinds of different dosage of metal soap , add it to the concrete mixture to compare , test and research within the mixed metal soap of concrete compressive strength, water absorption coefficient by capillarity and resistance to chloride ion intrusion ability.

concrete surfaces enclosing class waterproofing agent of some description

Concrete surfaces enclosing class waterproofing agent is applied to the concrete surface coated with a layer of a surface layer can penetrate into the pores of the hydrophobic manipulation of waterproof material , such as commonly used in China silicone waterproofing agent, waterproofing agent  Impact modifier for PVC like sodium silicate , and the use of foreign methacrylate monomer waterproof Qi carbazole vinegar and so on. 1 penetrate the surface of the closed water causes and mechanism of concrete seepage mainly due to external pressure , or as a result of which the pores of the concrete surface adsorbed water, or because of the combined effect of both . Pore ​​water is due  iron oxide yellow to the pores on the surface acting on the surface tension of water in the concrete grout generated driving force of the adsorbed water . Concrete interface between water and the contact angle of the meniscus is generally less than 90 degrees, the force to drive water into the pores ( as shown in Figure la ) , which can wet the surface . When using a  plastic processing aid certain way ( brushing, spraying , etc. ) in the surface layer of the concrete surface coating applied waterproofing agent enclosing class , due to water repellent and coagulation Rui Qian Zhu Xi air bundle wrapped in cloth which fluorine anxious when Chongqing a flute into the water " containing ) doors ,, (a) normal coagulation on the surface of the twist 90 ' ) ST 1 contact angle ( wetting of the surface of the concrete filling the pores of the soil and the water repellent composition of the reaction itself, or because of the chemical properties of the pores of the concrete ( micropores , pores , etc. ) and water contact angle is increased to more than 90 degrees ...

aluminum sulfate wastewater in food processing applications

Different stages in the food industry wastewater generated features are not the same. The main raw material in the first washing is suspended contamination produced, and in the production and  PVC foaming board stabilizer processing stage is mainly organic contamination, and in the forming stage as compared to additive contamination. The aluminum sulfate wastewater treatment in the food processing which stage it? Its application is kind of how it?
Aluminum sulfate in the food wastewater treatment applications
In the food industry wastewater, for some small colloidal particles, or some colloidal solution, difficult or impossible to subsidence occurred adding chemical coagulants aluminum sulfate wastewater, making it easy to form large particles settling to remove. Wastewater colloid state of proteins and polysaccharides, ie after dosing oxidized PE WAX  coagulation better removal.
Commonly used in the food processing wastewater coagulation agent
Lime, ferrous sulfate, ferric chloride and aluminum sulfate. Lime is generally not used alone, often used in conjunction with other agents, the optimal dosage and pH should be determined by experiments. Aluminum sulfate in waste water treatment in the food, in addition to a coagulant, but also can serve as a redox agent, alkaline food waste can be used as the acid modifier. It is the versatility in the alkaline waste water chemicals.

toxic ammonium aluminum sulfate do, what is the standard of its use

The use of ammonium aluminum sulfate solution was added ammonium aluminum sulfate solution was prepared from a series of n-butyl stearate  operations. It is mainly used as a buffer, neutralizer, leavening agent, water purifying agent, pickles and boiled, stewed food color fixative. So, ammonium aluminum sulfate poisonous? Aluminium ammonium sulfate in food applications use some kind of standard?
Toxic ammonium aluminum sulfate do
In daily life, if excessive intake of aluminum, it will affect people's intelligence, bone demineralization and other hazards. Although ammonium aluminum sulfate chemical additives, but it carbon black powder  has a non-toxic, food grade it is a legitimate food additive, do not exceed the maximum amount prescribed by the State, the human body is no health hazard.
Aluminum ammonium sulfate using the standard requirements
Chinese regulations can be used for fried foods, shrimp, soy, baking powder, biscuits, puffed food and aquatic products, according to iron oxide black  production needs appropriate use of aluminum residues ≤ l00mg/kg. World Health Organization's assessment, the provisions of the daily intake of aluminum 0-0.6mg/kg, kg body weight of a person, that is, a 60kg person allows intake of 36mg. This prescribed, except for aluminum ammonium sulfate, but also applicable to other, such as aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate and potassium aluminum ions containing chemicals.

High concentrations of calcium stearate, zinc stearate

can lead to insulin resistance. According to reports, hyperlipidemia is due to lipid metabolism disorder caused by one or more of the plasma lipid composition characterized by abnormally elevated  Barium soap  concentrations of illnesses. Hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus have a close relationship.
However, there is a serum fatty acid profile in hyperlipidemia studies are concentrated in the fasting state, in their study investigated the postprandial state is still blank stage. As we all know, three meals a day, the body most of the time in a postprandial state, so research postprandial serum fatty acid profile and metabolic changes impact on the body has more practical significance.
By postprandial hyperlipidemia population  PVC heat stabilizer for window changes of serum fatty acid, a fatty acid for the first time found that only calcium stearate, zinc stearate in the postprandial state levels were significantly increased in high concentrations of calcium stearate zinc can lead to insulin resistance, and reduce expression of SREBP-1c to reduce calcium stearate, zinc levels, thereby improving insulin resistance.
Researchers crowd postprandial hyperlipidemia serum calcium stearate, zinc stearate, elevated levels of  PVC window stabilizer the molecular mechanism of high concentrations of calcium stearate, zinc stearate implications for insulin resistance and how to reduce postprandial rise high calcium stearate, zinc stearate level of in-depth research, eventually found increased calcium stearate, zinc stearate, postprandial serum insulin concentration is due to the increase of stimulated calcium stearate, hard de novo synthesis of fat and zinc palmitate direct extension (ELOVL6). By in vivo, in vitro small RNA interference techniques, the researchers confirmed that reduces SREBP-1c or ELOVL6 expression could reduce calcium stearate, zinc levels, thereby improving insulin resistance. Further comparison of the interference in the difference after two targets, they found that inhibition of expression of SREBP-1c can more effectively improve insulin resistance.

Wetting dispersant add program

Wetting the pigment dispersing agent is generally added when the ingredients to make the grinding and dispersion of the pigment surface adsorption, to achieve the desired purpose. If the compound used low molecular polyethylene  in the non-polar hard dispersed pigment, preferably blended in a small amount first additive resin solution and then mixed with the pigment soaked, so that the application would be more effective. Pigment dispersion
The dispersion of pigment in the paint process is more complicated, but at least through three processes, namely wet depolymerization (dispersion) and stabilized.
Providing paint pigment production, the production of the pigment particles formed are subtle, and its particle size heat stabilizer for shoes  is generally in between 5nm to 1um, the dispersion system can be formed easily.
But the paint pigment plant put into production, mostly in the original-sized particles, agglomerates and aggregates mixtures exist.
Sized particles: a pigment formed in the manufacturing process of associating a single crystal or crystals is relatively fine grain size.
Agglomerates: the original sized particles connected edges and corners, a combination of the structure is relatively loose, large particle group.
Aggregates: a primary-particle combination of  Metal stearate two-sided, or the growing crystal surface together, the structure is compact, large particle group.
Most of the pigment agglomerates of Lu cake drying and subsequent formation of a dry mill.
Aggregates of pigment manufacturing process precipitate formed during the curing. Agglomerates and aggregates secondary particles as pigments together.

PVC stabilizer differences

Compared with other plastics , under the same conditions in the stabilization of PVC requires more significant problem . Mainly if  epoxidized soybean oil the PVC unstable , then it can not be processed and immediately sharp and severe degradation of discoloration . PVC with suitable additives and stabilizers are varied, so that the development of the industrial sector into a special . Which accounted for the first based on barium / Fort Worth -based organometallic compounds of lead , in addition, some of the organic stabilizer also has a certain importance . For future development , to discuss a given purpose "stable compound" possibilities. Factors affecting the  PVC foaming board stabilizer degradation of polyvinyl chloride as a thermal decomposition activation energy minimum ( except than polyvinyl alcohol ) , so that its special stabilization is very essential . Whether fast (processing ) or slow (aging ) thermal degradation , the degradation process the most obvious feature is the presence of oxygen in the air , with automatic catalytic dehydrochlorination nature " '] . Due to the complex ions and Plasticizer for PVC  free based chemical process , reconciliation set PVC action by gathering damage mountains . multicollinearity play double generation and Springboard base by base and oxidation caused a color change in the Ming and mechanical properties of trace metals, particularly iron and zinc will accelerated degradation male . terminal group of the polymer additive material and the reaction is also a great shadow ...

Application of zinc stearate

Cold extrusion is a precision plastic volumetric forming technology is an important component. Cold extrusion is in the cold state of the metal blank into the mold cavity , the strong pressure and a constant speed under the effect of forcing the metal is extruded from the mold cavity , to achieve the desired shape and size, and a certain mechanical  dibasic lead phosphate extrusion performance.
Currently, cold extrusion technology has been in fasteners , machinery, instruments , electrical appliances, light industry, aerospace, marine, military, and other industrial sectors widely used. Specific products such as filter, electric fuel pump housings, capacitor housings, aluminum bottle , cosmetic aluminum tube , the bullet casing , at present, auto parts , 30 % ~ 40% of the parts are manufactured by cold extrusion process .
Currently available for cold extrusion of metal materials: lead, tin , silver, aluminum , aluminum alloy , copper and oxygen-free copper (T1, T2,, brass, bronze, nickel, zinc and cadmium zinc alloys, pure iron, carbon steel , low alloy steel and stainless steel . Additionally, some for titanium and titanium alloys , tantalum, zirconium , and Kovar , etc. can also be cold extrusion , even bearing steel GCr9, GCr15 and HSS W6Mo5Cr4V2 also be a certain amount of cold extrusion deformation .
Cold extrusion , metal materials produced severe plastic deformation , the unit squeeze a lot of pressure , especially in cold extrusion of steel , the largest unit extrusion pressure up 2500Mpa. In such a high unit pressure , if no good lubrication, steel particles will be bad material welded together with the mold cavity which led to severe scratching the surface , making the extrusion pressure increased dramatically, mold life greatly decreased, even rupture . Lubrication is directly related to product quality and tool life , determines the success or failure squeeze .
So the use of a good and reliable lubrication of cold extrusion method is very important. Currently used for a liquid lubricant ( such as animal oils, vegetable oils, mineral oil, etc.) , there are solid black iron oxide  ( such as zinc stearate , sodium stearate , graphite, etc. ) , they may be used alone , or in combination.
Lubricant mainly in: 1 . Reduce friction between the billet and the mold ; 2 . Reduce mold wear and improve die life ; 3 . Improve the quality of products . ( 1 ) cold forging lubricant : For forging, the more successful lubrication of the current approach is to phosphating metal blank surface saponification treatment . The so-called " phosphate " is chemically formed on the surface of the metal material of iron phosphate, zinc phosphate and the porous film. The film thickness is generally 10-25μm, the friction coefficient is low. Phosphate film is firmly bonded to the surface the metal billet with a certain plasticity, to some extent deformed together with the metal , this layer of porous membrane capable of storing a lubricant, when squeezed , can play the blank isolated from the mold effect and reduce the deformation friction between the metal and the mold . The so-called " saponification " is a fatty acid soap as a lubricant , so that the zinc phosphate coating with a chemical reaction treatment of zinc stearate lubricant .
Because phosphate - saponification treatment processes numerous long processing time , phosphate strict quality requirements , while the phosphate waste pollute the environment , and thus the world are seeking new ways to replace phosphate lubrication - saponification process .
Aqueous zinc stearate as a lubricant with good extrudability , extension, adhesion , lubricity
Its safety non-toxic environment pollutant emissions , successfully replaced phosphate - saponification treatment process ( degreasing rust - water cleaning - acid - water cleaning - phosphate - water cleaning - drying - saponification - - dried ) , ferrous metal cold forming to meet the demanding requirements for lubrication . And once completed : Surface treatment - water heating - dipping the agent - drying and other processes. For extension of large, high deformation , surface complex parts processing production, product processing effectively guarantee the accuracy , improve surface  titanium dioxide anatase quality, maximum protection of the mold surface , to extend the life of the mold . A thin lubricant film formed , one-piece lubricant low cost, cost than phosphate - saponification cost savings of 30 % to 45% .
Water-based stearate lubricant characteristics
Brushing the surface of the workpiece after forming a lubricating film polymer , even if subjected to repeated cold work extrusion, cold stamping, cold drawing forming , the lubricating film can be firmly attached to the workpiece surface , and with the extension of the surface extension without brushing again . Especially when applied to extension degree, deformation rate, complex workpiece surface , which is characterized more apparent.
Product Benefits
A, four outstanding advantages
1 , completely replace phosphate - saponification process
No phosphate, zinc stearate lubricant water after brushing firmly attached to the surface of workpiece lubricating film , and can be directly cold forming , simplifying the process , improving the efficiency and reduce the cost .
2 , to solve the many problems grease lubrication
Aqueous zinc stearate lubricant to the workpiece firmly attached to the rough surface of the lubricating film is formed , can easily solve the conventional grease pressure forming work loose after a good result , wrinkling , and mold strain burst phenomenon , the phenomenon nodulation .
3 , once painted , cold- molding process can be repeated
Aqueous zinc stearate lubricant lubricating film formed in the surface of the workpiece has an extension extending characteristics of the workpiece before processing brushing once, after three to five times without further processing are brushing , simplifying the process , improving the effect, reducing the cost.
4 , particularly suitable for extension of large, deformation rate, curved complex parts
Aqueous zinc stearate lubricant is formed in the surface of the workpiece having a lubricating film which extends extension characteristics, especially suitable for extension of large, deformation rate, the surface of the workpiece complex .
B, other general advantages
1, the aqueous zinc stearate small size, can effectively ensure accuracy , improve surface finish and product quality .
2, to reduce machine wear and extend tool life .
3 , expanding the workpiece material selectivity.
4 , reduce the pressure to save energy .
5 , reduce costs and increase efficiency.
6, the water -soluble nature stearate , making easier to remove surface residue .
6 , safe non-toxic and pollution-free , there is no emissions and emissions of sewage treatment problems , relieve sewage treatment costs and troubles.
Water stearate can also be applied to drawing, pressure- , stretching and other metal products processing the lubricating treatment . Market prospects are very broad .
I was doing aqueous stearate , the main research market applications , there is need to beg for PM samples .

aluminum soap of some of the main narrative

Aluminum salts of naphthenic acids or collectively.
By the corresponding sodium soap solution and an aqueous solution of
aluminum sulfate by metathesis reaction.
Usually stearic acid, palmitic acid , oleic acid, naphthenic acid aluminum
soap .
For waterproofing agent , medicine, printing ink , paint and leather fatty
acid sodium collectively. Usually  PVC lubricants consists of oils by saponification
reaction with aqueous sodium hydroxide after the removal of glycerin is
made , but also by fatty acid and sodium hydroxide ( or sodium carbonate )
in an aqueous solution and is made directly . Sodium Soap is an anionic
surfactant, an aqueous solution of a wetting, penetration , foaming ,
dispersion and decontamination properties. Sodium soap is soap and laundry
soap and other cleaning supplies of the main raw material . Sodium soap
uses: mainly used in making cosmetics , detergents , industrial fatty acid
salt , coatings, paints , rubber , soap , water treatment agent , the basic
analytical reagents, preparation of PVC window stabilizer  analytical standards lye, a small
amount of carbon dioxide and moisture absorption agent, and sodium in the
manufacture of the acid . Manufacture of other reagents containing
hydroxide ions ; in papermaking , printing and dyeing , wastewater
treatment, electroplating, chemical drilling on are important purpose.
Metathesis reaction analysis
Metathesis of : the two compounds exchange component , generate additional
reaction of the two compounds , called metathesis reaction . Its essence is
: metathesis reaction occurs two oxidized PE WAX  substances exchange ions in aqueous
solution , with a hard material ionized ---- precipitation, gas , water,
ion concentration in the solution , the chemical reaction is the direction
toward the ion concentration proceed. Can be abbreviated as AB + CD = AD +
CB. Metathesis reaction is the essence of ions in solution combine to form
a substance with ionizing ( such as water ) , insoluble substances or
volatile gases , leaving the metathesis reaction tends to be completed . (
Can be abbreviated as : alkali salt solution , precipitation gas water
generation . Metathesis reaction in order to properly write a chemical
equation , you must memorize the common acid , alkali, salt solubility
table , proper use of the solubility .

The role of aluminum stearate

 Mainly for the production of stearic acid salts : sodium stearate, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, lead stearate, iron stearate, aluminum stearate, cadmium stearate, potassium stearate, are widely used for making cosmetics, plastic cold increase plasticizers , mold release agents , stabilizers , surfactants , rubber vulcanization heat stabilizer for foaming board  accelerator , a waterproofing agent , polishing agent, metal soap, metal mineral flotation agents, softeners , pharmaceuticals , and other organic chemicals. In addition , oil-soluble pigments can be used as a solvent , crayons  organic pigments transfer slip agents , wax polishing agent , stearic acid glycerides such as emulsifiers . Stearic acid is widely used in the plastics industry PVC plastic pipe , plates, profiles , film manufacturing . Of PVC heat stabilizers, has good lubricity and good light and heat stability. The plastic PVC pipe , the stearic acid helps to prevent the processing of the " coke " in the PVC film is an effective process to add a heat stabilizer , and can be placed defense storm caused sulfide finished film discoloration. Stearic acid in the rubber industry and processing of synthetic rubber play an important role . Stearic acid is a natural rubber, synthetic rubber and widely used in latex curing active agent, also used as plasticizers and plastic processing aid  softeners . In the process of the production of synthetic rubber stearic acid to be added as emulsifier in the manufacture of foam rubber , stearic acid can be used as foaming agent, stearic acid is also used as rubber release agent . Cosmetic cream and cream for industrial stearic acid skin care products from these two types of emulsion , so that it becomes stable white paste . Stearic acid or manufacturing honey and almond milk the main raw material . Stearic acid esters in the cosmetics industry, soap more extensive use .

pairs of aluminum stearate introduction

 Chinese Name: Double aluminum stearate
Alias: basic aluminum stearate ; two aluminum stearate ; two ( stearic acid ) aluminum ; dual aluminum stearate ( light ) ; distearate  inganic pigments bayerite ; basic two ( stearic acid ) aluminum
Product Name : Aluminium distearate (light)
English Synonyms : Aluminium distearate, light; Hydroxyaluminum distearate; hydroxybis (octadecanoato-o)-aluminum; ALUMINUM DISTEARATE; ALUMINIUM STEARATE, DI; aluminiumdistearate; Aluminum, hydroxybis (octadecanoato-O) -; aluminumhydroxidedistearate; aluminumhydroxydistearate; Aluminium Distearate
CAS NO. :300-92-5
EINECS :206-101-8
MF : C36H71ALO5 [1] Molecular  methyl tin stabilizer Weight: 610.93
Physical and chemical properties Appearance : White powder , insoluble in water . Soluble in ethanol , benzene, turpentine , mineral oils , alkalis . [ 2 ] heating or in case of decomposition of stearic acid and the corresponding aluminum . With aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons to form colloids.
Usage toxic for PVC heat stabilizers, metal rust inhibitors , water repellent materials , cosmetics, emulsifiers , thickeners  dibutyl phthalate  credit coatings and inks , plastics lubricants, oil drilling Defoamer

PVC impact modifier use of some

( 1 ) Chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) is the use of HDPE in the water phase of the powdery product by suspension chlorination , so as to increase the degree of chlorination of HDPE original crystals become amorphous elastomer. Used as a toughening agent C? E, containing 25-45 % amount is generally C1 . CPE wide source of low price, in addition to a toughening effect , but also has a cold resistance, weather resistance , flame resistance , and chemical resistance . At present in China is dominated by CPE impact modifiers , especially in the production of PVC pipes and profiles , most  plastic processing aid plants use CPE. Generally added in an amount of 5-15 copies. CPE can be used in conjunction with other plasticizer , such as rubber , EVA , the effect is better, but even in aging rubber additives .
(2) ACR is methyl methacrylate , acrylate monomers , ACR is best developed in recent years, impact modifiers , which can increase the impact strength of the material several times. ACR core-shell structure is an impact modifier , methyl methacrylate - ethyl acrylate composition of the shell polymer , crosslinked acrylic or butyl rubber elastic body is formed as the core of the particle distribution of the inner segment . Particularly suitable for outdoor use PVC plastic products, impact-modified PVC plastic window profiles used in the ACR as impact modifiers and other modifiers processing performance compared with the smooth surface, good aging resistance , high strength welding angle characteristics, but the price CPE, high 1 /3. Common foreign brands such as K-355, the general amount 6-10 copies. The current domestic production of the manufacturers ACR impact modifier fewer manufacturers use less.
 (3) MBS is methyl methacrylate , butadiene and styrene copolymer of the monomers . MBS between the solubility parameter of 94-9.5 , with PVC solubility parameter close, so when the good compatibility with PVC , its most important feature: After adding PVC products can be made transparent . Generally added in PVC 10-17 parts of PVC , the impact strength can be increased 6-15 times, but the MBS in amount more than 30 parts , PVC impact strength decreased. MBS itself has a good impact resistance , good transparency , light transmission rate of 90 %, and to improve the impact resistance while other properties of the resin , such as tensile strength , elongation at break little effect . MBS higher prices , often with other impact modifiers, such magnesium hydroxide flame retardant  as EAV, CPE, SBS , etc. and use . MBS poor heat resistance , weather resistance , not suitable for long-term outdoor use made ​​products, generally do not do plastic doors and windows profile production impact modifiers .
 (4) SBS is a styrene -butadiene- styrene block copolymers, also known as thermoplastic rubber, thermoplastic elastomer part , the structure can be divided into star and line two kinds. SBS ratio of styrene to butadiene is mainly 30 /70, 40 /60 , 28 / 72 , 48/ 52 several. Mainly used as HDPE, PP, PS impact modifiers in an amount 5-15 parts . SBS primary role is to improve the low temperature impact resistance . SBS poor weather, not suitable for long-term outdoor use made ​​products.
5) ABS is a styrene ( 40% -50 % ) , butadiene ( 25% -30 % ) , acrylonitrile ( 25% -30 % ) terpolymer used mainly plastic , but also with the impact of PVC modification of the modification effect is also very good low temperature impact . ABS is added in an amount of 50 parts , PVC , the  plastic processing aid impact strength can be quite pure ABS . ABS is generally added in an amount of 5-20 parts , ABS poor weather , unsuitable for long-term outdoor use products, generally do not do plastic doors and windows profile production impact modifiers .
(6) EVA is an ethylene vinyl acetate and acid copolymer, vinyl acetate changed into a crystalline polyethylene , vinyl acetate content of a large difference , and the different refractive index EVA and PVC , transparent products is difficult to obtain , therefore , often the EVA resin and used with other impact . EVA dosage of 10 parts or less .

A wide variety of PVC plasticisers

In the processing of PVC , the plasticizer used in applications with various additives to the largest , so it is much higher than other additives investment , even in some formulations softer material than the main raw material of vinyl chloride resin investments. Therefore, the importance of a plasticizer selected without saying lose.
The choice of plasticizers
 PVC is a highly polar polymer , a great intermolecular force , to be heated to a certain temperature in order to show plastic lubricant  the plastic . PVC strong intermolecular forces to make products become hard and inflexible and flexibility. The role of a plasticizer PVC to weaken the force between molecules , thereby reducing the softening temperature , reducing the melt viscosity , increase mobility and improve the processing properties of PVC and products of flexibility.
Less volatile plasticizer is usually a high boiling ester , a few are a low melting solid , they do not generally react with PVC . Conditions of use of plasticizers with the resin has good compatibility , low price, high plasticization efficiency , plasticized speed, durability ( low volatility Yi shift is small, high extraction resistance ) , environmental stability good ( light, heat resistance, bacterial resistance, chemical resistance and flame retardant ) , health is good ( to people, livestock and crops, non-toxic, non- polluting , tasteless ) , electrical insulation , good viscosity stability is good. However, a plasticizer does not satisfy all the conditions . In actual use , the majority is composed of two or more and for each other, to get the best plasticizing effect and achieve perfect performance requirements. Plasticizer in a formulation used to make the products have reached the optimum value of all the performance is impossible, therefore , to ensure that the choice of plasticizer when the first major performance requirements. Such as children's toys and food packaging and other requirements are mainly non-toxic , beautiful appearance ; plastic sheeting requirements harmless to crops , light , heat ; wire and cable materials are the main requirements and good electrical insulation . In addition to these requirements, the plasticizer should vegetable stearic acid  also focus on the selection of the following factors : PVC resin performance ; product performance required ; plasticizer processing adaptability , cost . Consider the performance of the plasticizer itself , compatibility of the plasticizer most important, it is a plasticizer selected fundamental factors must be considered . Plasticizer and resin compatibility, then plasticized high efficiency , plasticizers no segregation, no exudation , product flexibility and long service life . In the production practice , plasticizers in polymers mainly based on the compatibility with the test quality and experience antimony flame retardant  to determine. Compatibility evaluation method is simple plasticizers, resins , and a suitable solvent by mixing , to prepare a homogeneous solution was slowly cast into a film , its transparency is observed to judge. Homogeneous transparent film represents good compatibility , fuzzy means poor compatibility . Another method plasticizer PVC resin by mixing uniformly heated to plasticizing was cooled to room temperature, and observe any signs of exudate. No description plasticizer exudation good compatibility , oozing plasticizer compatibility explained more worse . According to a general rule, the more similar the easier it immiscible polar . Thus , the solubility parameter of the plasticizer and resin solubility parameter closer . Both compatibility as possible. Dielectric constant is a function of molecular polarity , dipole moment , and it is subject to great influence of hydrogen bonds . Determine the dielectric constant can be used as a plasticizer compatibility parameter. According to the solubility parameter of PVC , plasticizers generally used 8.4-11.4 solubility parameter , dielectric constant of 4-8.

PVC heat stabilizers some of the methods used

PVC heat stabilizers torque rheometer test method
Mimic the actual torque rheometer PVC processing a typical small pilot-type apparatus . Outside of the instrument a closed processing tank , connected to the instrument by the computer can polyethylene oxide  control the machining tank temperature, and within two roll speed , torque rheometer added quality of materials is generally 60 ~ 80 g, depending on the apparatus and different models . Experimental steps of: preparing in advance with different thermal stabilizer masterbatch based on PVC masterbatch formulation , in addition to other ships and ACR, CPE, CaCO3, TiO2, lubricants and the like . Torque Rheometer advance the set temperature , when the temperature rose to specify and steady speed , will be weighed mixture added processing chamber , quickly closed records on a computer connected to a variety of parameters , namely flow  n-butyl stearate curve . After processing , you can also get different extrudate physical characteristics , such as whiteness, whether shaping , smoothness and so on. These parameters can determine the corresponding potential industrial heat stabilizers , heat stabilizers suitable shall have suitable torque and plasticizing time of the extrudate should be preferably molded and whiteness, surface smoothing . Torque rheometer in laboratory studies and between industrialized mass production to build a convenient bridge.
PVC heat stabilizers roll blackening test
Determination of thermal stability as a dynamic effect of a class of helper methods , dynamic two-roll used in the  iron oxide black absence of the rheometer , the experiment instrument select double rolled sheet , which together with the high-speed mixed powder , compression molding , the resulting samples were subjected to extruded repeatedly until the black test piece until completely black record time , the time is called blackening . Blackening by comparing the length of time to determine the type of thermal stabilizer effect of the thermal stability of PVC .

PVC heat stabilizers some simple experiments

I'll tell you about PVC heat stabilizers are two common test methods. A process called : Torque Rheometer test method ; second is called roll blackening pilot testing method .
PVC heat stabilizers torque rheometer test method
Mimic the actual torque rheometer PVC processing a typical small pilot-type apparatus . Outside of the instrument a inganic pigments  closed processing tank , connected to the instrument by the computer can control the machining tank temperature, and within two roll speed , torque rheometer added quality of materials is generally 60 ~ 80 g, depending on the apparatus and different models . Experimental steps of: preparing in advance with different thermal stabilizer masterbatch based on PVC masterbatch formulation , in addition to other ships and ACR, CPE, CaCO3, TiO2, lubricants and the like . Torque Rheometer advance the set temperature , when the temperature rose to specify and steady speed , will be weighed mixture added processing chamber , quickly closed records on a computer connected to a variety of parameters , namely flow curve . After processing , you can also get different extrudate physical characteristics , such as whiteness, whether shaping , smoothness and so on. These Diethylene glycol dibenzoate  parameters can determine the corresponding potential industrial heat stabilizers , heat stabilizers suitable shall have suitable torque and plasticizing time of the extrudate should be preferably molded and whiteness, surface smoothing . Torque rheometer in laboratory studies and between industrialized mass production to build a convenient bridge.
PVC heat stabilizers roll blackening test
Determination of thermal stability as a dynamic effect of a class of helper methods , dynamic two-roll used in the absence of the rheometer , the experiment instrument select double rolled sheet , which  Plastic chemical together with the high-speed mixed powder , compression molding , the resulting samples were subjected to extruded repeatedly until the black test piece until completely black record time , the time is called blackening . Blackening by comparing the length of time to determine the type of thermal stabilizer effect of the thermal stability of PVC .

[ FWA ] some of the major components

In order to understand the chemical composition of the phosphor , we first think of the firefly 's light, firefly light-emitting principle mainly in the following series of processes . Protein + into light into light into light oxygenated enzyme protein ( glows green ) protein + H2O oxygen stearic acid  into light into light firefly protein that is why can continue  to light , and bright twinkling reason , it is worth noting that green light emitted by the firefly is a " cold light ", the results of conversion as high as 97% . Secondly , we note that the light emitting plastics , light plastics mainly in common plastic braced little radioactive substances, such as 14C, 35Sr, 90Sr , and Na, Th and a luminescent material ZnS, CaS these sulfides of the irradiation light radiation , is excited and emitted visible light ( luminescence ) . Consisting of: Pink color density formula category Y2O3: Eu white 5.1 ± 0.2 green powder CeMgL11O19: Tb white 4.2 ± 0.2 Blue Pink BaMgAl10O17: Eu white 3.7 ± 0.2 bimodal powder blue BaMgA10O17: (Eu, Mn) 3.8 ± 0.2 on white conversion phosphor, the phosphor is excited infrared composition: chemical composition : YErYbF3 appearance: white inorganic powder, grain size : 30nm excitation wavelength : 980nm color: green features : high transmittance , a higher solvent resistance, luminescence properties of acid substance is broadly divided into two categories: one is the material heat, heat radiation and light, the other is an object absorbs energy and is excited to an excited state ( non steady state ) back to the ground state in the anti- process releases energy in the form of light . Matrix and  iron oxide black rare earth compounds as activators in rare earth luminescent materials and more in the latter category , that rare earth phosphor . Rare earth atom has a wealth of electronic energy levels , because rare earth atom electron configuration 4f orbitals exist , for a variety of energy level transitions to create the conditions to obtain a variety of light-emitting properties. Rare luminescent material is a huge treasure in human development of the various light-emitting materials , the rare earth elements plays a very important role. Cathode-ray emitting material - display phosphors mainly used in televisions, oscilloscopes, radar and other types of computer screen and monitor. Rare red phosphor (Y2O3: Eu and Y2O2S: Eu) for color TV screen , the  carbon black powder brightness of the TV to achieve a higher level . Blue and green phosphors are still using non- rare earth phosphors, but La2O2S: Tb ​​green phosphor luminescence characteristics of a good , there is development prospects. Recently color TV unified use EBU ( European Broadcasting Union ) color , Pink is Y2O2S: Eu. The computer does not like the color television that the reproducibility of importance , and priority to brightness , and thus stronger in orange red , Y2O2S Eu in an amount of usually 5 ~ 7wt%. Pink color television in the Eu content of about 1.5 times the computer . When the light is a substance into another substance shine again when the back is chemical energy into

Brightener in the chemical structure have a cyclic conjugated system

Brightener (brightener / Optical whitener) is a type of fabric and can enhance the whiteness of paper and other organic compounds. Also known as optical brighteners, fluorescent brighteners . Fabric, etc. are often contained as impurities, and yellow colors , in the lead stabilizer  past are used for bleaching chemical bleaching methods , add brighteners used in the product approach. Its role is to absorb the products of invisible ultraviolet radiation into fluorescence radiation purple blue , yellow with the original two colors, a white light radiation , improve the whiteness in the Glycerol monostearate  sunlight . Brightener has been widely used in the textile , paper, detergent , soap , rubber, plastics, pigments and paints and so on.
Brightener in the chemical structure have a cyclic conjugated system , for example: derivatives of stilbene , pyrazoline phenyl derivatives, benzimidazole derivatives , phenyl pyrazole derivatives , coumarin derivatives , and naphthalimide derivatives. Stilbene derivatives which yield the largest , such as 4,4 ' - bis ( 4,6 - diphenyl amine triazin -2 - amino ) stilbene -2,2' - disulfonic acid sodium salt is a the wider use of optical brighteners, whitening tradename TA. Such brighteners have  black iron oxide been widely used in papermaking, textile , detergent and soap industries. Brightener AD is phenyl derivative of pyrazoline , scientific name 1 - ( methylsulfonyl ) -3 - (p- chlorophenyl ) pyrazoline, mainly for spinning of acrylic fiber , textiles and plastics products for the production. 4 - methyl-7 - dimethylamine coumarin naphthalene neighbors belong oxa ketones can be used for wool fabric , nylon fabric, soaps and detergents and other products.
The largest class of fluorescent whitening agent VBL, CXT and paper liquid whitener . Generally divided into two categories brighteners , and the other is water insoluble brightener . The former can be used for paper, paint , detergent, cotton fabric whitener . The latter can be used for chemical fiber, plastics and other whitening.

metal soaps waterproofing agents some of the main classification

 Waterproofing agents of metal soaps soluble metal soaps waterproofing agent and a metal soap asphalt waterproofing agent II . Water soluble metal soaps agent is stearic acid , potassium hydroxide , ammonia and water , by mixing the heat saponification preparation , mixed in the cement mortar or concrete, the cement particles and aggregates can form between the hydrophobic adsorption layer and the formation of insoluble matter , from the  heat stabilizer for panel filling tiny pores and clogging effect of the capillary passage . Bituminous waterproofing agent is a metal soap, liquid asphalt , mixing lime and water , formed by drying finely ground , mixed with the cement mortar and concrete , the main plug from the capillary fill tiny pores and passage effect. Within the mixed metal soaps waterproofing agents for concrete waterproofing and resistance to chloride ion effect study
Concrete is a porous material , a pore size in the nanometer to millimeter . If the surface in contact with the aqueous solution by capillary action will be adsorbed to the surface of concrete and  aluminium hydroxide further penetrate into the concrete ; same time , the solution of harmful substances such as chlorine ion , sulfate ion and the like can also be easily transported water into the concrete , reinforced concrete structure to bring serious corrosion damage. At present , domestic and foreign has been widely adopted penetration waterproofing agent on the concrete surface water treatment [ 2 ] , but using this traditional approach , the penetration depth of the water repellent is very limited , and in some special cases waterproof effect is not very satisfactory . If you can water repellent mortar or concrete as a component incorporated therein , its protection would be better, this approach is within the mixed water treatment. This paper mainly uses four  Glycerol monostearate different types , two kinds of different dosage of metal soap , add it to the concrete mixture to compare , test and research within the mixed metal soap of concrete compressive strength, water absorption coefficient by capillarity and resistance to chloride ion intrusion ability. A test 1.1 Preparation of raw materials and the test specimen water-cement ratio of concrete specimens was 0.5 , with detailed than in Table 1. Raw materials are used in the experiment from Qingdao local , wherein the maximum particle size of gravel 25mm, sand fineness modulus of 2.9

PVC stabilizers introduce some of the main

Compared with other plastics , under the same conditions in the stabilization of PVC requires more significant problem . Mainly if the PVC unstable , then it can not be processed and immediately sharp  PVC processing aid and severe degradation of discoloration . PVC with suitable additives and stabilizers are varied, so that the development of the industrial sector into a special . Which accounted for the first based on barium / Fort Worth -based organometallic compounds of lead , in addition, some of the organic stabilizer also has a certain importance . For future development , to discuss a given purpose "stable compound" possibilities. Factors affecting the Stearate zinc  degradation of polyvinyl chloride as a thermal decomposition activation energy minimum ( except than polyvinyl alcohol ) , so that its special stabilization is very essential . Whether fast (processing ) or slow (aging ) thermal degradation , the degradation process the most obvious feature is the presence of oxygen in the air , with automatic catalytic dehydrochlorination nature " '] . Due to the complex ions and free based chemical process , reconciliation set PVC action by gathering damage mountains . multicollinearity play double whitening agent  generation and Springboard base by base and oxidation caused a color change in the Ming and mechanical properties of trace metals, particularly iron and zinc will accelerated degradation male . terminal group of the polymer additive material and the reaction is also a great shadow ...

plasticizer related knowledge introduction

Currently plasticizer production trends to the large, continuous, microcomputer control development, a single set of production capacity has reached 100,000 tons / year. Many varieties of serial  one pack stabilizer production has strong ability to adapt to the market , the characteristics of large production flexibility to meet different plastic processing products for special functions plasticizer varieties needs. Since DOP better value for money , production and consumption still adjacent dominance dimethyl ester , followed by DINP ( di-iso- nonyl phthalate ), DIDP ( di-iso- decyl phthalate esters ) , in addition to direct chain alcohol esters developed very rapidly , is expected to become an important species phthalates . In addition phthalate plasticizer , fatty acid esters excellent cold resistance , non-toxic epoxy  Chrolinated polyethylene esters stability , high temperature trimellitic esters , polyesters do not migrate , flame and good phosphate plasticizer structures are in a certain proportion , to form a rational structure of plasticizer production system.
First plasticizer and the resin have good compatibility, better compatibility , the better the plasticizing effect . Adding PVC plasticizer  a plasticizer to reduce the glass transition temperature of the plastic , the hard and rigid plastic to become soft and pliable . General also asked plasticizer colorless , non-toxic , odorless , light , heat, cold , volatile , and migration of small , non-flammable and chemical stability, low cost and easy to get . In fact , a plasticizer is impossible to satisfy all the above requirements, which need to select , with the use , in order to achieve satisfactory results.

Plasticizer: green alternative trend

For a long time , plasticizer DOP ( dioctyl phthalate ) and other phthalate products. With these additives in the food , pharmaceutical and industrial applications more widely, toxicity studies PVC lubricants  in it more and more attention . Found that when the blood inlet PVC storage bag body, the products that are found in the lungs with DOP . Although the DOP is carcinogenic to make people still debated, but because of its carcinogenic potential suspects , countries have taken the appropriate restrictive measures. According to the State Environmental Protection Administration of the United States Cancer Institute 's findings , has stopped six kinds of phthalates new products . At present, the domestic production of some of the main plasticizer properties, especially health, low toxicity , it is difficult to meet the environmental requirements. European Union and Russia have plastic toys imported from China , found that the presence of toxic PVC plasticizers .
DOP, DOA ( dioctyl adipate ) is of polyvinyl chloride are widely used in food wrap plasticizer species, particularly DOP been widely used in food packaging products. Since the DOA higher production costs, the domestic PVC cling film producers substantially with DOP, DBP ( dibutyl phthalate ) as a primary plasticizer. This produced cling film , used in high fat meat products , or use it to wrap food in the microwave , the plasticizer into the food more opportunities , potentially harmful to human health .
  DOP plasticizer especially considering there is a potential cancer hazard , the international community has begun to take appropriate measures to limit the use . Countries around the world have accelerated the toxic plasticizer product development efforts , especially for plastic products with high hygiene requirements based applied research . However, in our country, has been eliminated or restrict the use of foreign plasticizers such as DOP is also a great market , and the production of new enterprises for the non-toxic plasticizer is not enough emphasis on the development and promotion . Due to low prices , the domestic market 80% plasticizer DOP, DBP and so on.
Today, the endless stream of new foreign plastic additives , functional and more refined , the domestic high-end products come out , but uncommon , industry-wide technical level about 20 years behind the developed countries . For example , DBP , etc., have been disabled in many countries , our country is still mass ; GB is still listed as the DOP plasticizer for  Chrolinated polyethylene food packaging varieties. Instead , citrate , 810 , polyester , trimellitic acid ester , epoxy esters and other non-toxic, durable , better overall performance plasticizers species are developed slowly.
In recent years, the rapid development of the plastics industry as a whole environment, there is a degree of development of plastic additives , but mainly on the volume growth . Face of the global plastic additives industry, large-scale production , product specification refinement, multi-functional and development trend of environmental protection , China's plastics additives industry enterprises should be the perspective of sustainable development , increase green plasticizer product development efforts , in the industrial scale, environmental performance , and product quality, value-added and other aspects of establishing development advantages , and strive to compete in the new round of international markets for the spot .
To this end , research institutes and  Chlorinated paraffin production enterprises should strengthen cooperation to address small scale , fewer species , backward technology, consumption of fixed high and unstable product quality problems , the organization of the Commonwealth to reduce production costs and energy consumption ; strengthen research and development , to achieve comprehensive utilization , and constantly develop new varieties to meet individual needs , focusing on research and development to seize the rare earth plasticizer ; accelerate structural adjustment , highlighting the environmental needs, enhance efficiency, low toxicity product research and development , and constantly improve the performance of plastic products and expand the application areas for China to further and deeper development of the plastics industry to provide strong support.

Do you know rutile titanium dioxide

 Some minerals products, we will generally look at its composition , physical properties and chemical properties. Here's a brief look at the physical properties of rutile titanium dioxide which . In order to facilitate the selection of our future and the carbon black powder  production of titanium dioxide . 1 , the hardness according to Mohs hardness scale system is , rutile titanium dioxide 6-6.5 , anatase type titanium dioxide is 5.5 to 6.0, so the fiber matting in order to avoid wear of the nozzle hole and the use of anatase .
2 , the relative density of the white pigment used , the minimum relative density of titanium dioxide , a white pigment of the same quality , the maximum surface area of ​​the titanium dioxide pigment volume up .
3 , the dielectric constant of the high dielectric constant titania , so it has excellent electrical properties . Determination of titanium dioxide in certain physical properties , it is necessary to consider the crystallization of titanium dioxide crystal orientation . Anatase type titanium dioxide is relatively low dielectric constant , only 48 .
4, the melting and boiling points as anatase at high temperatures into rutile , anatase type titanium dioxide so the melting and boiling does not actually exist. Rutile -type titanium dioxide has only melting and boiling points , rutile -type titanium dioxide has a melting point 1850 ℃, the air in the melting point of (1830 ± 15) ℃, the melting point of oxygen 1879 ℃, the melting point of the purity of the titanium dioxide . Rutile titanium dioxide has a boiling point of (3200 ± 300) ℃, at this high temperature slightly volatile titania . 5 , although the hydrophilic absorbent titania , but  low molecular polyethylene not too strong hygroscopicity , rutile than anatase small . Hygroscopicity titania surface with a certain relationship between the size , surface area, high absorbency , but also the nature of the surface treatment .
6 , particle size distribution of titanium dioxide is a comprehensive index, which seriously affect the performance of titanium dioxide pigment and product application performance , so for hiding and dispersion directly from the discussion on the analysis of particle size distribution . Factors affecting the particle size distribution of titanium dioxide is more complicated, the first original particle size hydrolysis , by controlling and regulating hydrolysis conditions , the primary particle size within a certain range . Followed by calcination temperature , the heat stabilizer for pipe  calcination process metatitanic , the particles undergo a transformation of crystalline phase and growth, control of the right temperature, the particles grow in a certain range. Finally is the product of crushing, usually Raymond transformation and analyzer speed regulation, control grinding quality, while other grinding equipment can be used , for example: universal mill, jet mill and hammer mill equipment .
 7 , the conductivity of titanium dioxide having a semiconductor performance , its conductivity increases with increase in temperature rapidly increased, and also very sensitive to hypoxia . Rutile titanium dioxide dielectric and semiconductor nature of the electronics industry is very important, titanium dioxide manufacturers can take advantage of the nature of the production of ceramic capacitors and other electronic components .
8, the thermal stability is good thermal stability of the titanium dioxide material .

Soap significance

Pneumonia and diarrheal diseases are the two leading causes of death among children under five every year , there are more than 3.5 million children in the world because of diarrhea and pneumonia can not celebrate their fifth birthday soap , wash your hands with soap could save millions of children lives. Also wash your hands can prevent skin infections, eye infections, intestinal parasites , SARS and avian flu , cancer patients and people living with HIV in health benefits.
Soap for all countries and impact modifier  communities in both technical and economic whatever life-saving interventions. Advance the measure , not only because of its healthy , but also because people feel comfortable with soap , can reflect a person's social status , education , hand allows more intimate between people .
After using the toilet , scrub ass to the child after hand contact with food before , these three cases , we must use soap or hand sanitizer .
Soap benefits
Hand washing is the cornerstone of public health , new health behaviors and public health services are infectious disease mortality in the late 19th century rapid decline in rich countries a major factor . And fecal isolation and safe handling, as well as providing a sufficient plastic flame retardant  amount of pure water , like washing hands with soap or hand sanitizer is the prevention of diarrheal disease is one of the most effective ways ( can reduce infection rate half ) , it is also the cheapest way . In addition, handwashing with soap can limit the spread of respiratory disease ( reduced infection rate quarter ) . Moreover, with soap or hand sanitizer is also strong against other diseases barrier ( such as worms , eye infections such as trachoma , skin infections such as impetigo ) .
Soap costs
Handwashing with soap is the most inexpensive health intervention . Disability -adjusted life years (Disability-Adjusted Life Years, DALYs) is the loss of life through an integrated soap costs and the number of years of life lost in disability status to measure the  chromium oxide number of years the burden of disease and the effectiveness of health interventions . Obviously, handwashing with soap is the return of diarrhea-related DALYs most effective method. Handwashing expenditure was significantly lower than immunization , such as: a need to invest DALY cost of measles immunization  between . This is not to say that vaccination is not necessary, but merely pointed out that , due to the general lack of investment to promote hand-washing , we missed a surprising number of ways to use the cheapest life-saving opportunities. Most of the world has affordable family soap, so the cost is not a significant reason for people to wash their hands with soap .

impact modifier some of the major role

Impact modifier 's primary role is to improve the low-temperature embrittlement of polymer materials , giving it a higher toughness. Global plastics market demand impact modifier is 600,000 tons ( worth about $ 1.5 billion ) , of which styrene copolymers such as ABS, methyl methacrylate - butadiene - styrene (MBS) impact modifier to become the carbon black powder  largest category, accounting for about 45% of the market share, accounting for nearly 30% acrylic ; elastomers including EPDM and thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) accounts for about 10% market share ; chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) accounted for 10 %, other 5%. It is predicted that between 2004 to 2009 , a styrene-based impact modifiers average growth rate will be less than 3% , while the other categories, the average growth rate of 5% -6%. Because PVC is the  plastic additive largest impact modifiers used species, accounting for about 80% of the amount , so the growth in demand for PVC impact modifier will also be driven by increased demand . Engineering plastic resins such as PC, polyamide (PA), polyester, impact modifiers consumption of about 10 % due to strong growth in demand for engineering plastics is to promote growth in the amount of impact modifiers . Polyolefin resin consumes approximately 10% of the impact resistance improver. Experts pointed out that the future impact modifier trend is  black iron oxide better performance, prices cheaper, faster action , the main material properties or guarantee performance under the premise of improving the member thinner.

PVC impact modifier some kind described

PVC impact modifier is sometimes also from the plasticizing effect , it can also be seen as a plasticizer , while for PVC resin impact modifier are summarized as follows :
 ( 1 ) Chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) is the use of HDPE in the water phase of the powdery product by suspension chlorination , so as to increase the degree of chlorination of HDPE original crystals become amorphous elastomer. Used as a toughening agent C? E, containing 25-45 % amount fluorescent brightener  is generally C1 . CPE wide source of low price, in addition to a toughening effect , but also has a cold resistance, weather resistance , flame resistance , and chemical resistance . At present in China is dominated by CPE impact modifiers , especially in the production of PVC pipes and profiles , most plants use CPE. Generally added in an amount of 5-15 copies. CPE can be used in conjunction with other plasticizer , such as rubber , EVA , the effect is better, but even in aging rubber additives .
 (2) ACR is methyl methacrylate , acrylate monomers , ACR is best developed in recent years, impact modifiers , which can increase the impact strength of the material several times. ACR core-shell structure is an impact modifier , methyl methacrylate - ethyl acrylate composition of the shell polymer , crosslinked acrylic or butyl rubber elastic body is formed as the core of the particle distribution of the inner segment . Particularly suitable for outdoor use PVC plastic products, impact-modified PVC plastic window profiles used in the ACR as impact modifiers and other modifiers processing performance compared with the smooth surface, good aging resistance , high strength welding angle characteristics, but the price CPE, high 1 /3. Common foreign brands such as K-355, the general amount 6-10 copies. The current domestic production of the manufacturers ACR impact modifier fewer manufacturers use less.
 ( 3 methyl methacrylate , butadiene and styrene copolymer of the monomers . MBS 94-9.5 a solubility parameter between the solubility parameter close to that of PVC , PVC is therefore compatible with the better, it 's most important feature: after adding PVC products can be made transparent . generally added in PVC 10-17 copies can be improved impact strength of PVC 6-15 times, but the MBS in amount more than 30 parts , PVC but decreased the impact strength . MBS itself has a good impact resistance , good transparency , light transmission rate of 90 %, and to improve the impact resistance  heat stabilizer for panel while other properties of the resin , such as tensile strength, breaking elongation little effect on growth rate , etc. . MBS higher prices , often with other impact modifiers, such as EAV, CPE, SBS , etc. and use . MBS poor heat resistance , weather resistance is poor, that are unsuitable for long-term outdoor use of products , generally do not make plastic window and door profile production impact modifiers used .
 (4) SBS is a styrene -butadiene- styrene block copolymers, also known as thermoplastic rubber, thermoplastic elastomer part , the structure can be divided into star and line two kinds. SBS ratio of styrene to butadiene is mainly 30 /70, 40 /60 , 28 / 72 , 48/ 52 several. Mainly used as HDPE, PP, PS impact modifiers in an amount 5-15 parts . SBS primary role is to improve the low temperature impact resistance . SBS poor weather, not suitable for long-term outdoor use made ​​products. (5) ABS is a styrene ( 40% -50 % ) , butadiene ( 25% -30 % ) , acrylonitrile ( 25% -30 % ) terpolymer used mainly plastic , PVC is also used impact modified , low-temperature impact modifiers also very effective. ABS is added in an amount of 50 parts , PVC , the impact strength can be quite pure ABS . ABS is generally added in an amount of 5-20 parts , ABS poor weather , unsuitable for long-term outdoor use  titanium dioxide anatase products, generally do not do plastic doors and windows profile production impact modifiers . (6) EVA is an ethylene vinyl acetate and acid copolymer, vinyl acetate changed into a crystalline polyethylene , vinyl acetate content of a large difference , and the different refractive index EVA and PVC , transparent products is difficult to obtain , therefore , often the EVA resin and used with other impact . EVA dosage of 10 parts or less .

non-toxic plasticizer simple description

 When it comes to plasticizers, plasticizers what we will think , ah, ah how I heard that some such similar problems, in fact, we have a lot of life added plasticizer things. We want some drunk beverage plastic bottle washer , it is to add a plasticizer effect. This is what we have to say in health problems . We have some kids are not only a drink , it is white foaming agent  often in direct contact with the bottle mouth , thus indirectly and plastic washers contacts among which there is a security risk. Although China has been developing and this demanding but non-toxic plasticizer , but our research and production is still a large gap with the developed countries , which we need to work with the plasticizer manufacturers struggled . So a lot of our attention on these small issues , in order to avoid unwittingly endanger our own health. But we need not live in fear face plasticizer is not necessary anxious fact, according to the way of life of modern society is entirely escape phthalate esters is almost impossible , but there is no need  PVC stabilizer to over- nervous, because normal life the exposure to the plasticizer risk of harm to the human body can be ignored .
    In the next time we come together to talk about how to reduce plasticizer in life hazard .
Why can metal soap odor
Metal soap a metal other than an alkali metal , a metal oxide or salt and a fatty acid , rosin acid , naphthenic acid soap derived role . Metallic soap can not be direct saponification of fats , sodium fatty acid soap and are based on the corresponding metal salt solution was prepared by metathesis reaction , also useful for fatty acid and metal powder Plastic impact modifier  obtained melting method , but the quality is not high. Common metallic soap of calcium , magnesium, zinc , lead, aluminum , manganese, iron , cobalt , nickel, molybdenum , barium , cadmium and so on. Generally insoluble in water, insoluble in ethanol most , some can be dissolved in turpentine or ligroin , some can be dispersed in the other organic solvents or drying oil . Germany invented the metal soap is the patented product , made ​​of stainless steel alloy, shape and ordinary soap is no different , the use of the methods of physics ( catalytic effect ) decomposition of macromolecules

Main features of the plasticizer

The plasticizer is a high boiling point ,
Low volatile substances , the molecular structure portion having a polar and non-polar parts. Plasticizer molecules can be inserted between the polymer chains , weakening intermolecular forces , increasing the distance between the polymer chains and space , to increase  Dioctyl phthalate the plastic polymer , polymer processing temperature reduction . Case of PVC plastics . Because PVC child so strong intermolecular forces , the higher the processing temperature , prone to degradation . In PVC plasticizer is added and heated , the plasticizer molecules can be inserted between the molecular chains of PVC ,
PVC plasticizer polar polar part and part of the role , after cooling , the plasticizer molecules remain in the inserted position,
The non- polar part of zinc borate flame retardant  the plasticizer to play a role in isolation , weakening PVC intermolecular forces ,
Achieve improved ductility and flexibility of PVC , polyvinyl chloride processing temperature reduction purposes. The polar part of the plasticizer molecules is mainly an ester group , an epoxy group , an ether bond , a cyano group , a chloro group and other polar groups ; non- polar part of the main chain methylene and alkyl chains. Adding plasticizers in polymers called external plasticizer ;
The formation of the polymer , said comonomer added
As an internal plasticizer , such as vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate copolymer , vinyl acetate as  chromium oxide the internal plasticizer. Plasticizer :
 ① reduce melt viscosity ;
 ② to increase the flexibility of the polymer ;
 ③ increase the elongation at break of the polymer ;
 ④ lower polymer molding processing temperature ;
 ⑤ improve processing characteristics forming polymer ;
 ⑥ improve the impact properties of polymers ;
 ⑦ improve low temperature polymer Qu Xing ;
 ⑧ reduce polymer surface hardness .

retardants some special significance

Most plastics are flammable . With the plastic in the construction, furniture, transportation, aviation , aerospace , electrical and other aspects of the widely used to improve  fluorescent brightener the flame retardancy of plastics has become a very urgent issue. Inhibiting polymer flame retardant is a class of flammability additives, they are mostly of the Periodic Table Ⅴ, Ⅶ Ⅲ elements and compounds ; especially phosphorus , bromine , chlorine , antimony and aluminum compounds. Sub- additive flame retardants and reactive types . Flame retardant halogen-containing primarily phosphate and phosphate, a halogenated hydrocarbon , antimony oxide , and aluminum hydroxide . Advantage is easy to use and adaptable . However, the PVC profile stabilizer  addition of capacity of 10 % to 30% , often affect the performance of plastics . Reactive flame retardant containing the elements actually monomer, it has little effect on the plastic properties . Common reactive flame retardants , halogenated anhydrides such as for polyesters , for epoxy resins of tetrabromobisphenol A, and phosphorus for polyurethane polyol. Initially flame retardants used in the U.S. , after the 1960s, the amount of surge current usage after plasticizer. Consuming most varieties of plastic flame retardant polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyurethane foam , unsaturated acrylic processing  polyester , ABS resin and polypropylene.
Most plastic is flammable , its products, which brought a lot of application security risks. Precisely, flame retardants, flame retardants known as more appropriate , because " flame " contains two meanings flame retardant and smoke suppression , compared with the broader concept of flame retardants . However , long time, people have become accustomed to the concept of use of flame retardants , so the current literature is actually referred to in the flame retardant and smoke suppression effect of functional additives in general.

Aspects of plastic flame retardant technology

Plastic applications continue to expand at the same time increasing its heat and combustible and easily ignite , brought to mankind unexpected danger and loss.
Began to pay attention and emphasizes natural and synthetic materials, flame resistance , flame retardant additives began as an important class of first chemical fiber, plastics industry rise .
Flame began to develop rapidly , consumption and varieties rose sharply , there are around 6 to 8 percent growth rate. Many of the additives in the plastics industry in flame retardant consumption has moved up to No. 2 , second only to the great variety of  iron oxide yellow plasticizers . . Flame retardant additive and reaction is usually divided into types: additive flame retardant used for thermoplastics , is currently the world 's largest production of flame retardants, flame retardants accounted for 90% of total . More reactive flame retardant for thermosetting plastics ; flame retardants according to the chemical structure can be divided into inorganic and organic flame retardants , inorganic flame retardants are antimony compounds , inorganic boron compounds, inorganic phosphorus flame retardant , inorganic hydroxides , organic flame retardants include organic halogenated flame retardants and organic phosphorus flame retardant. Antimony flame retardants. Antimony prices high , heavy smoke , while halogen flame retardant antimony trioxide is essential gn3t}? ^. Bm synergists , so trioxide particle fineness requirement is getting smaller, not only greatly reduce the amount of increase flame jf? v [{! K | , but also smoke are greatly reduced . Are generally in the fineness of several microns to 0.01μm, as developed by Seiko Co., Ltd. of Japan Patox average particle size of 0 .01 ~ 0 .02 μm. Guizhou Rong Jiang Fenghua developed chemical antimony antimony oxide ultrafine pure activity , with an average particle size of 0.02μm, content of 99.999% . PolycomHuntsman developed "N% vVu` P NyacoIADP480 a particle size less than 0.1μm antimony pentoxide , adding 1% in the PP up a good flame retardant , and not ?)? L? AVQIp
Be of PP impact strength, transparency, etc. impact. Another use of antimony trioxide and aluminum hydroxide , zinc borate , fluoride {C?? O @?? WS borate complex , not only can reduce the amount of antimony trioxide and the amount of smoke is also greatly reduced. In short ultrafine seek ) E??. OaP antimony substitutes and reduce the amount of smoke is antimony flame retardants development focus . ? G?} 7?? 50 TW2? 4? ~? / - Brominated flame retardants . Brominated flame retardants despite heavy smoke , because of environmental issues by the EU restrictions ; but chromium oxide  because flame -g?? NpH? YB good performance , with less impact on product performance is small, quite a long time in the future is still as the main flame . With ? ~ PpN? DLFL
Brominated flame retardants is to continue to develop new features to improve and increase the molecular weight of bromine content . Such as the U.S. Ferro 's PB-68 is mainly composed of brominated polystyrene, the molecular weight 15000 containing 68% bromine . Belfast bromine chemical companies and Ameribrom companies were developed poly Pentabromophenol acrylate bromine content of 70.5% \ MW 30000 ~}-n? DdMa / - 80000. These flame retardants particularly suitable for all kinds of engineering plastics, migration , compatibility , thermal stability, flame resistance , etc. are much better than many small molecules flame retardants , may become future replacements. - Phosphorus flame retardant . Phosphorus flame retardants are white blowing agent  mostly liquid, mainly used in PU, PVC and other plastics . United retardant properties of polymers is much better than the linear polymer , so thermoplastics plus $? _ZQ]?? F add a small amount of crosslinking agent work becomes part of the polymer network structure, not only to improve the dispersibility of the flame retardant , there are benefits BqOve? s2xU the polymer produced when burning coking in the condensed phase , effectively improve the flame retardant properties and to increase the product 's physical and mechanical properties ? O-YGEjeG? energy , resistance, thermal properties, etc., as in adding a small amount of soft PVC quaternary it to heat to form a crosslinked flame retardant material > a ~: z?-Jiz material . Radiation may also be used to join metal oxides and crosslinking methods, but also allows the polymer to pay . W #?? VTZE; d zk???? 0B {- directly generate retardant monomer technology . Directly before the polymerization of the monomer having a flame resistance, so that the resulting 1? Wo? FI?; Polymer a flame retardant material, but also a method of flame .

some use of flour brightener

The active ingredients of flour brightener benzoyl peroxide (BPO), learning called benzoyl peroxide , it is our late eighties and started from abroad commonly used in flour food additives , flour brightener is mainly used to bleach flour, while speeding up the  PVC heat stabilizer for fittings ripening of flour . The main purposes : as a plastic catalyst , oil refining, bleaching wax , pharmaceutical manufacturing.
Literature for vinyl units ( vinyl chloride, acrylonitrile , etc. ) and photochemical reactions of polymerization initiators, heat or friction will spontaneously explode , contacting combustibles may cause fire , shall be stored in a cool, dark and attention to fire prevention . The main raw material
The main raw material is flour brightener benzoyl peroxide .
Chemical Characteristics
MF : C14H10O4; (C6H5 C O) 2 O2
Appearance: white or light yellow thin columns , slightly bitter almond odor
Molecular weight: 242.23 boiling point  PVC foaming board stabilizer decomposition ( explosion )
Physical Characteristics
Melting point : 103 ℃ ( decomposition )
Solubility : soluble in water , methanol, soluble in alcohol, ether, acetone , benzene , chloroform, carbon disulfide
Density : relative density ( water = 1 ) 1.33 Stability stable
Health hazard pathways : inhaled , ingested.
Health hazards : This pair of upper respiratory tract irritation. The skin has a strong , irritation and sensitization. Entering the eye can cause damage. Production method
30% of the hydrogen peroxide and caustic reaction of sodium peroxide solution, then with benzoyl chloride derived  epoxidized soybean oil reaction. Reaction conducted at about 0 ℃ , high temperature is caused by decomposition of hydrogen peroxide , benzoyl chloride is easily affected by acid hydrolysis yields. The resultant precipitate benzoyl peroxide filtering, washing , drying derived products . Industrial products benzoyl peroxide content of up to 99% ( two items ) , mp 102-106 ℃.
Mechanism: benzoyl peroxide and the enzyme in the flour under the action of water , react to release active oxygen oxidation of a small amount of flour to wheat flour colored substance reaches the purpose of whitening , and generate the acid, able to flour from mildew role

Some narrative optical brightener

Optical brightener (Optical whitener) is a type of fabric and can enhance the whiteness of paper and other organic compounds. Also known as optical brighteners . Fabric, etc. are often  PVC profile stabilizer contained as impurities, and yellow colors , in the past are used for bleaching chemical bleaching methods , are used in the product add brighteners approach. Its role is to absorb the products of invisible ultraviolet radiation into fluorescence radiation purple blue , yellow with the original two colors, a white light radiation , improve the whiteness in the sunlight . Brightener has been widely used in the textile , paper, detergent , soap , rubber, plastics, pigments  iron oxide yellow and paints and so on. Classification
According to the chemical structure can be divided into five categories :
① stilbene , and certain synthetic fibers for cotton fiber , paper , soap and other industries , with a blue fluorescence ;
② coumarin type, having the basic structure coumarone for celluloid , polyvinyl chloride , etc., with a  dibutyl phthalate strong blue fluorescence ;
③ pyrazoline type , for wool, polyamide, acrylic and other fibers , a green fluorescent color;
④ benzo type of oxygen and nitrogen , for acrylic and other fibers and polyvinyl chloride , polystyrene and other plastics , with a red fluorescence ;
⑤ phthalimide type, used for polyester, acrylic, nylon and other fibers , with a blue fluorescence.

[ Fluorescent Brightener Fluorescent pig ]

Cloned transgenic pigs fluorescence experiment itself does not have practical value, but with a certain scientific value . Because green fluorescent protein marker role played cloned transgenic pigs fluorescence experiments showed somatic cell cloning technology  chrome oxide in pigs have been successful. If you put the green fluorescent protein gene ( or fusion on ) gene of practical value , such as human interferon resistance gene or genes , it is possible to get a resistance to disease or capable of producing human interferon transgenic cloned pigs . Cloned transgenic pigs fluorescence experiment itself does not have practical value, but with a certain scientific value . Because green fluorescent protein marker role played cloned transgenic pigs fluorescence experiments showed somatic cell cloning technology in pigs have been successful. Fluorescent pig test success , marking a state through somatic cell nuclear transfer technology to produce transgenic pigs  carbon black level of development. Between any organism can be genetically modified , and, in transgenic animals can also be genetically modified again . Some parts of the pig to fluoresce , is genetically result.
Reported that researchers first implanted in porcine somatic cells can synthesize the jellyfish green fluorescent protein gene , remove the nucleus after its implantation in pig unfertilized eggs , made of embryos, then implanted in the uterus of pigs . 15, that the first cloned transgenic pigs born. Through the pig DNA ( deoxyribonucleic acid ) for analysis, the body containing the jellyfish gene , and thus is recognized as a transgenic pig . "GM is a bio-technology, is to an exogenous gene into an organism , expressed it in this body , we need to get the gene product ( protein ) ." Between organisms are able to carry out any genetically modified in transgenic animals can also be genetically modified again . Generally, after several transgenic nor artificially " create" a new species ; since species not by a few genes of the decision. However, if too much exogenous genes transferred , may cause the animal damage normal physiological activity , can not survive or reproduce and lead to failure.
Many organisms can be light, but the involvement of protein and luminescence mechanism. Transferred to the pigs in vivo gene contains jellyfish green fluorescent protein , this protein can be excited in the UV light . In Japan cloned transgenic pigs in this experiment , some parts of the pig in the ultraviolet irradiation, emit fluorescence . This is the result of in vivo gene containing the jellyfish . Why jellyfish gene to produce this wonderful phenomenon can ?
" Jellyfish light reason , because it contains a green fluorescent protein of this protein in the UV irradiation, in the  chromium oxide excited state , can absorb photons from the UV- release , emit longer wavelength light , the green . "
There are many kinds of organisms can be light, such as certain bacteria, insects, cnidarians , they can glow with a protein related , but the mechanisms involved are not the same proteins and luminous . For example, fireflies glow of its in vivo oxidation of luciferin luciferase result . In the middle there is a jellyfish called luminous jellyfish protein , calcium ions in the environment is able to issue a blue jellyfish green fluorescent protein in the absorption of the light emitted by jellyfish issued only after the green. "But it was found that the emission of green fluorescent protein does not require the involvement of other factors , as long as irradiation with ultraviolet light can be so , and the green fluorescent protein is extremely stable, and no toxic , so the application of the most biological studies . "

Fluorescent Brightener diamond fluorescence

In general , the diamond fluorescence is a relatively specialized problems, asked this question shows that you have a better understanding of the diamond . Most people on the level of understanding of the diamond is now still at the stage of literacy . So the time of  potassium stearate purchase are often very concerned about whether VVS, others are downplayed . Now makes China in the global diamond market is the most strange ...... diamond ring fluorescence effects of good or bad is another important indicator.
First, the fluorescence of the diamond is it? Important to you ? If in addition to the diamond 4C What is noteworthy place , then that is a fluorescent indicator ! Fluorescence indicator , English Fluorescence, is an important indicator , which affects the color of the diamond .
 Fluorescent indicator refers to vegetable stearic acid  the diamond will be issued under the intense ultraviolet blue light intensity. Fluorescence international level from high to low were none ( no ), faint ( weak ), medium blue ( medium blue ) / medium yellow ( medium yellow ), strong blue ( strong blue ) yellow ( strong yellow ) and other levels. For those who adhere to traditional perfectionist , the diamonds are not a fluorescence , ie fluorescence level indicators are none .
 In fact, China's new standards promulgated by the diamond has , though not on the fluorescence of strict , but absolutely clear requirements. Country by diamonds glow under UV light intensity classified as "strong" , "medium" , "weak ", "no " four levels . But most consumers do not understand , so I do not need this indicator , resulting in  white blowing agent identification of the identification certificate issued by the agency generally does not indicate the fluorescent indicator , it also gives many jewelers advantage of the loophole .
 However, there are a few people like abroad, strong blue diamond grade , will go to the designated special buy this diamond . Sometimes because of strong blue diamond will look cool ( not to mention the strong blue diamond grade levels also a lot cheaper than none