The fluorescence intensity of the diamond grading about 50 % of the diamonds in ultraviolet radiation will produce azodicarbonamide fluorescence, diamond fluorescence color, intensity of the diamond 's appearance ( body color ) have a certain influence , and sometimes even affect the price of diamonds , which is diamond fluorescence intensity grading significance. diamond fluorescence of the most common color is blue and white , followed by yellow and white , yellow, green , orange and other colors. above with moderate-intensity blue-white fluorescent colorless diamond will look more white, such as "Jager diamonds ." strong blue-white fluorescence also available with light yellow diamond yellow body color complementary , looks nearly colorless , improved color grade diamond if diamond yellow fluorescence , in any case will cause lower color grade diamond . too strong fluorescence will make the diamond rendered hazy oily , reducing the transparency of the diamond , affecting the clarity of the diamond , such as the "Pre mier ¨ ultra Blue Diamond fluorescence also many jewelers to create a sense of mystery and surprise .1 fluorescence intensity level fluorescence intensity (flourescence degree) is a diamond in the long visible under UV irradiation intensity level . China's " diamond grading " standard, the diamond 's fluorescence intensity level is divided into strong , weak , no four grades . CIBJO fluorescence levels also put into four grades . GIA is classified as strong , strong , weak , no five levels .2 fluorescence intensity grading method
Fluorescence intensity was graded by visual approach , in the long UV , fluorescence intensity reference standards like stone , the diamond grading fluorescence intensity Fluorescence intensity sample (masterstone flourescence degree) is the fluorescence intensity level of a set of calibration standards round brilliant cut stone like cobalt stone . usually consists of three components , in turn stands for " strong" , "medium" , "weak" three levels lower . following steps: ( a ) the fluorescent sample by strong, medium , weak order, from left to right in the ultraviolet fluorescent lamp placed equidistant black box . ( 2 ) open length ultraviolet light switches . ( 3 ) to be graded diamonds gripping tweezers , place the titanium dioxide camera obscura ultraviolet fluorescent in comparison with the fluorescence intensity of the sample to determine the fluorescence intensity level .
3 Fluorescence intensity level sharing rule ( 1 ) if the classification of the diamond to be higher than the fluorescence intensity of the fluorescence intensity of the comparative sample in the " strong '', still with the" strong " indicates the fluorescence intensity level of the diamond (2 ) when the diamond to be graded the fluorescence intensity of the fluorescence intensity is lower than the comparative sample in the " weak" , the use of " none" represents the level of fluorescence intensity diamond (3 ) subject to a classification of a diamond and the same comparative sample fluorescence intensity , fluorescence intensity of the sample level is to be graded diamonds fluorescence intensity level . ( 4 ) to be graded diamonds between fluorescence intensity between adjacent two comparative samples , the lower -level representatives to be graded diamonds fluorescence intensity level . ( 5 ) the same fluorescence intensity diamonds, fluorescence intensity , there will be a slight difference. ( 6 ) in addition to the fluorescence intensity to be marked , the need to mark the fluorescent colors.
The fluorescence intensity of magnesium stearate the diamond is a diamond grading report content , can not be compared with the color grading . Commercially, high color grade (H colors or more ) , high clarity (VS and above ) if diamonds have medium blue and white fluorescent its price is often lower than the non-fluorescent diamonds 1010 to 10%, the fluorescence is stronger, the greater the impact on prices , while slightly yellow diamond (I color less ) than if a medium blue and white fluorescent , can increase up to 4% weak fluorescence and low clarity diamond fluorescence little impact on prices . diamond prices with yellow fluorescence can often save 5 % to 10% , but the real diamond trade , few people put a fluorescent and non-fluorescent diamonds detailed separately . therefore fluorescence actual impact on diamond prices significance.
PVC plasticizer
2013年8月30日星期五
Fluorescent Brightener Fluorescent application areas
Fluorescent Lighting
Common fluorescent lamp is an example. Lamp inside is vacuumed and then inject a small amount of mercury. The oxidized PE WAX mercury discharge lamp electrodes emit ultraviolet light . These ultraviolet light is invisible and harmful. So called tube wall covered with a layer of phosphorus ( phosphor ) the light substance that can absorb the ultraviolet light and emit visible light.
Can emit white light emitting diode (LED) is based on a similar principle . Emitted from the semiconductor light blue , blue light can excite the pole attached to the reflector of phosphorus ( fluorescent ) the light , so that they emit orange fluorescence light of two colors mix together showing the nearest white wildly .
Highlighter
Highlighter fluorescent agent, it encounters UV ( sunlight , fluorescent , mercury more ) will produce a fluorescent highlighter effect, a white light , so that the colors look a dazzling fluorescent feeling. Fluorescent highlighter with our watches are not the azodicarbonamide same principle fluorescent light sticks , light sticks are internal reactions occurring radioactivity , radiation produced by the outer periphery of phosphors excited , so they at night without any UV luminescence under all circumstances . The highlighter is certainly the case before issuing a UV fluorescent highlighter that you just put the handwriting near mosquito lights , detectors can be seen very clearly .
Fluorescence in biochemistry and medical biochemistry and medicine has been widely used . It can be a fluorescent chemical reaction of the chemical groups bonded to biological macromolecules , and then by observing the fluorescence emitted tracer groups sensitive to detect the titanium dioxide bio-molecules. Gems, minerals
Gems, minerals, fiber and other materials can be used as evidence in criminal ultraviolet or X-ray irradiation issued under the different nature of the fluorescence.
Rubies, emeralds , diamonds can be issued under short wavelength UV fluorescent red , emerald , topaz ( topaz ) , pearl can also fluoresce under ultraviolet light . Diamonds can also be issued under the X-ray phosphors .
Common fluorescent lamp is an example. Lamp inside is vacuumed and then inject a small amount of mercury. The oxidized PE WAX mercury discharge lamp electrodes emit ultraviolet light . These ultraviolet light is invisible and harmful. So called tube wall covered with a layer of phosphorus ( phosphor ) the light substance that can absorb the ultraviolet light and emit visible light.
Can emit white light emitting diode (LED) is based on a similar principle . Emitted from the semiconductor light blue , blue light can excite the pole attached to the reflector of phosphorus ( fluorescent ) the light , so that they emit orange fluorescence light of two colors mix together showing the nearest white wildly .
Highlighter
Highlighter fluorescent agent, it encounters UV ( sunlight , fluorescent , mercury more ) will produce a fluorescent highlighter effect, a white light , so that the colors look a dazzling fluorescent feeling. Fluorescent highlighter with our watches are not the azodicarbonamide same principle fluorescent light sticks , light sticks are internal reactions occurring radioactivity , radiation produced by the outer periphery of phosphors excited , so they at night without any UV luminescence under all circumstances . The highlighter is certainly the case before issuing a UV fluorescent highlighter that you just put the handwriting near mosquito lights , detectors can be seen very clearly .
Fluorescence in biochemistry and medical biochemistry and medicine has been widely used . It can be a fluorescent chemical reaction of the chemical groups bonded to biological macromolecules , and then by observing the fluorescence emitted tracer groups sensitive to detect the titanium dioxide bio-molecules. Gems, minerals
Gems, minerals, fiber and other materials can be used as evidence in criminal ultraviolet or X-ray irradiation issued under the different nature of the fluorescence.
Rubies, emeralds , diamonds can be issued under short wavelength UV fluorescent red , emerald , topaz ( topaz ) , pearl can also fluoresce under ultraviolet light . Diamonds can also be issued under the X-ray phosphors .
2013年8月29日星期四
plastic external lubricants in the application of other plastic
Polyamide in the application:
Plastic and external lubricants , such reinforcements and uniform distribution of the pigment in the polyamide . Usual dose is 0.2-0.5% . In injection molding polyamide , ease of demolding and lubricants depending on the effect of crystallinity , as they improve flow properties and vegetable stearic acid release properties , and thus very suitable for molding , injection molding and temperature make it possible to save time .
Thermosetting plastics in the application:
Thermosetting plastics in the acrylic processing production and processing to a lubricant and release agent . These products must be accurate and consistent with each other . Use a compatible lubricants can improve mobility , the outer material and the lubricant can reduce the adhesion of the hot parts of the machine , thus improving the release effect . Plastics and external lubricants to a very strong effect and internal mold release lubricant combined to provide a greater allowable operating range . They are neither the product nor plasticized migration .
Application of the iron oxide yellow thermoplastic polyurethane : Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) at just after processing is very viscous . Results Injection difficult stripping and stacking adhesions. Use plastic external lubricants can give a very good release effect and will not migrate .
Plastic and external lubricants , such reinforcements and uniform distribution of the pigment in the polyamide . Usual dose is 0.2-0.5% . In injection molding polyamide , ease of demolding and lubricants depending on the effect of crystallinity , as they improve flow properties and vegetable stearic acid release properties , and thus very suitable for molding , injection molding and temperature make it possible to save time .
Thermosetting plastics in the application:
Thermosetting plastics in the acrylic processing production and processing to a lubricant and release agent . These products must be accurate and consistent with each other . Use a compatible lubricants can improve mobility , the outer material and the lubricant can reduce the adhesion of the hot parts of the machine , thus improving the release effect . Plastics and external lubricants to a very strong effect and internal mold release lubricant combined to provide a greater allowable operating range . They are neither the product nor plasticized migration .
Application of the iron oxide yellow thermoplastic polyurethane : Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) at just after processing is very viscous . Results Injection difficult stripping and stacking adhesions. Use plastic external lubricants can give a very good release effect and will not migrate .
lubricants and lubrication is currently no real sense of theories and laws
Right - like PVC-U formulation design , the author believes that the difficulties formulation and the main contents of the inner and outer lubricant selection of species and their proportions and adding the total design. Lubricant to the total amount should be suitable , and PVC stabilizer for cable internal and external lubricant ratio is more important , even though the total amount sufficient , but if imbalance, nor co- continuous production of qualified products.
However, for the processing of PVC-U critical lubrication system , in theory there is no known theory , and even formulation can effectively guide the experimental law no . The magnesium stearate only rule is to learn from the so-called general chemistry , " like dissolves like " rule, which is the lubricant of PVC resin polarity polarity more similar to its compatibility with the more evil , and thus its role within the lubrication better ; against outside lubrication is strong, but this rule for guiding formulation also very limited. Because the polarity judgment lubricant is a lubricant according to the chemical structure, that the lubricant molecules containing hydroxyl groups , ester groups, carboxyl groups , amide group and epoxidized soybean oil an ether group , a ketone group such as a polar functional group species , quantity and with a long alkyl ratio. As the lubricant chemical structure complex, diverse , and the interaction between adjacent functional groups , such that the polarity of the lubricant is more difficult to determine the size , which resulted in a polar lubricant alone to infer lubricant and lubrication lubricant is actually played by the difference between the lubrication is far beyond people's imagination .
However, for the processing of PVC-U critical lubrication system , in theory there is no known theory , and even formulation can effectively guide the experimental law no . The magnesium stearate only rule is to learn from the so-called general chemistry , " like dissolves like " rule, which is the lubricant of PVC resin polarity polarity more similar to its compatibility with the more evil , and thus its role within the lubrication better ; against outside lubrication is strong, but this rule for guiding formulation also very limited. Because the polarity judgment lubricant is a lubricant according to the chemical structure, that the lubricant molecules containing hydroxyl groups , ester groups, carboxyl groups , amide group and epoxidized soybean oil an ether group , a ketone group such as a polar functional group species , quantity and with a long alkyl ratio. As the lubricant chemical structure complex, diverse , and the interaction between adjacent functional groups , such that the polarity of the lubricant is more difficult to determine the size , which resulted in a polar lubricant alone to infer lubricant and lubrication lubricant is actually played by the difference between the lubrication is far beyond people's imagination .
2013年8月28日星期三
Supply of PVC impact modifier
Second, the main performance:
1, can be used as a polymeric plasticizer , and in the long-term use will not migrate to the product surface precipitation .
2, low temperature performance blends , polarity, anti-UV, anti- chemical and microbiological corrosion performance improved significantly .
3 , added to the PVC, ABS or PVC / ABS alloy to improve its thermal stability.
4 , the European regulatory approval for food contact industry .
5, in the PVC processing , Elvaloy ® 4924 can significantly improve the impact properties, including low-temperature impact resistance .
Third, the plastic flame retardant theoretical basis and the impact modifier advantage
PVC low-temperature impact strength are the main reasons is because a strong PVC molecules caused by intermolecular forces , because PVC strong molecular attraction between molecules makes PVC products subjected to external shock , PVC molecules difficult to produce the relative displacement , so that the impact energy can not be effectively converted to internal frictional heat , resulting in rupture of the material . Adding a plasticizer , CPE PVC because reducing the attraction between the molecules leaving the improved impact strength , but low molecular weight organic plasticizers are added when less easy to precipitate , and an anti- volatile plasticizing effect instead, the material becomes brittle and will greatly reduce the use of a large number of mechanical properties , it is difficult to use in hard products . The CPE of the polymer precipitated polymer although there is no problem , because its glass transition temperature above -10 ℃ , so the iron oxide black low temperature impact performance is not ideal. DuPont Elvaloy 4924 is an ethylene - vinyl acetate carbonyl (E / VA / CO) copolymer , molecular weight PVC rather , is a permanent plasticizer , not precipitated , anti-migration , can significantly reduce the intermolecular force PVC , the glass transition temperature - 36 ℃, to overcome the low glass transition temperature and the CPE plasticizers easy to produce anti- plasticization defects. Not only can greatly improve the impact properties of rigid PVC and can effectively improve the weathering resistance.
Fourth, technical indicators:
Melt index (g/10min) 9
Density (g/cm3) 1.03
Tensile Strength (Psi) 1580
Elongation at break ( % ) 736
Glass transition temperature (℃) -36
Melting point (℃) 70
Solubility parameter 8.68
Five , the main application
1 , rigid PVC: improved formability , reduce subsequent vacuum forming temperature , forming speed faster , improve impact resistance ;
2, soft PVC: to increase weather resistance , low temperature resistance , chemical resistance and no -shift problems and Diethylene glycol dibenzoate improve impact resistance
3 , Footwear: with rubber handle, can increase wear and slip effect , against the soapy water and oil also increased many aspects of behavior .
4 , Other : PVC cable , PVC film, PVC leather and PVC and rubber blend products.
1, can be used as a polymeric plasticizer , and in the long-term use will not migrate to the product surface precipitation .
2, low temperature performance blends , polarity, anti-UV, anti- chemical and microbiological corrosion performance improved significantly .
3 , added to the PVC, ABS or PVC / ABS alloy to improve its thermal stability.
4 , the European regulatory approval for food contact industry .
5, in the PVC processing , Elvaloy ® 4924 can significantly improve the impact properties, including low-temperature impact resistance .
Third, the plastic flame retardant theoretical basis and the impact modifier advantage
PVC low-temperature impact strength are the main reasons is because a strong PVC molecules caused by intermolecular forces , because PVC strong molecular attraction between molecules makes PVC products subjected to external shock , PVC molecules difficult to produce the relative displacement , so that the impact energy can not be effectively converted to internal frictional heat , resulting in rupture of the material . Adding a plasticizer , CPE PVC because reducing the attraction between the molecules leaving the improved impact strength , but low molecular weight organic plasticizers are added when less easy to precipitate , and an anti- volatile plasticizing effect instead, the material becomes brittle and will greatly reduce the use of a large number of mechanical properties , it is difficult to use in hard products . The CPE of the polymer precipitated polymer although there is no problem , because its glass transition temperature above -10 ℃ , so the iron oxide black low temperature impact performance is not ideal. DuPont Elvaloy 4924 is an ethylene - vinyl acetate carbonyl (E / VA / CO) copolymer , molecular weight PVC rather , is a permanent plasticizer , not precipitated , anti-migration , can significantly reduce the intermolecular force PVC , the glass transition temperature - 36 ℃, to overcome the low glass transition temperature and the CPE plasticizers easy to produce anti- plasticization defects. Not only can greatly improve the impact properties of rigid PVC and can effectively improve the weathering resistance.
Fourth, technical indicators:
Melt index (g/10min) 9
Density (g/cm3) 1.03
Tensile Strength (Psi) 1580
Elongation at break ( % ) 736
Glass transition temperature (℃) -36
Melting point (℃) 70
Solubility parameter 8.68
Five , the main application
1 , rigid PVC: improved formability , reduce subsequent vacuum forming temperature , forming speed faster , improve impact resistance ;
2, soft PVC: to increase weather resistance , low temperature resistance , chemical resistance and no -shift problems and Diethylene glycol dibenzoate improve impact resistance
3 , Footwear: with rubber handle, can increase wear and slip effect , against the soapy water and oil also increased many aspects of behavior .
4 , Other : PVC cable , PVC film, PVC leather and PVC and rubber blend products.
impact modifier and processing modifier
Impact modifiers and processing modifier
( A ) impact modifiers and processing modifier function
1 , the performance of impact modifier
To improve the impact properties of plastic additives added for the purpose referred to as impact modifier . These additives can not only improve the impact strength of the resin , but magnesium stearate also to improve the processability of the resin . Impact modifier is typically used in rigid PVC , but in polypropylene, polystyrene and modified plastics has universal application. Currently , rigid PVC impact modifier used mainly some copolymer resin or a modified resin such as ABS, MBS, EVA, CPE , and thermoplastic rubber , thermoplastic elastomers , which are widely used as PVC, PE, PP, PS, AS, ABS, PMMA, PA, PC, PBT, PET and so on. Impact modifier may be added into a ductile plastic brittle plastics can be applied only in the normal temperature of the plastic into a plastic used at low temperatures , in addition , can effectively improve the processing properties of plastics .
Ideal resistance modifier should have the following properties:
① and modification of the substrate must have a good compatibility.
② modifier particle size, morphology medium a diameter of about 200nm is appropriate to protect the effect is a high impact strength .
③ modifier to lower the glass transition temperature is preferred.
④ impact modifier preferably has slightly crosslinked to improve the reinforcing effect .
⑤ modifier processing properties of the resin without prejudice to its apparent performance and physical and mechanical properties without adverse effects.
⑥ requires non-toxic, non-polluting and affordable.
2 , the processing performance modifier
Processing modifier for plastic processing performance is poor and development of a class of additives that are added to improve the polymer in the molten resin flow , and a thermal stability, heat distortion resistance and surface gloss of the material products . Currently, the processing modifier is mainly to improve the melt viscosity of PVC , improved flowability and processability.
Processing modifier primarily polymer, the application is more acrylic copolymer , such as methyl methacrylate / acrylic acid copolymer system (MMA / FA system ) , methyl methacrylate / butyl methacrylate acrylate / ethyl acrylate / methyl methacrylate copolymer systems (MMA / BMA / EA / EMA system ) , methyl methacrylate / ethyl acrylate / acrylonitrile copolymer system (MMA / EA / AN system ), etc. The amount of resin added is usually from 3% to 8%.
( Two ) impact modifiers and processing modifier classification and species
1 , impact modifiers and species classification
① acrylonitrile - butadiene - styrene copolymer (ABS): ABS resin is a graft copolymer of polybutadiene latex is added to the styrene and acrylonitrile monomers copolymerized . Impact modifier for PVC, ABS has a good effect, the toughening effect, while the tensile strength and elongation decrease is small, the general amount of 10% to 20%. ABS resin due to the presence of unsaturated structures , weather is poor, so products should not be long-term outdoor use . ABS resin is less than the compatibility with PVC, MBS, the product transparency is not as good MBS copolymer ; such as a transparent ABS and PVC blends can obtain a transparent products. When the ABS dosage of 20% to 30 %, the impact strength with excellent results.
② methyl methacrylate - butadiene - styrene copolymer (MBS): MBS is to polybutadiene or butadiene - styrene emulsion , methyl methacrylate graft copolymerized . Adding MBS resin can improve the impact toughness of PVC , polyvinyl chloride increase the transparency , but poor aging resistance of MBS , MBS higher rubber content , the higher the impact toughness . MBS added amount is generally 10% to 17 % is appropriate, more than 30 % of the brittle failure occurs .
③ chlorinated polyethylene (CPE): chlorinated polyethylene of high density polyethylene (HDPE) chlorination , chlorine content is generally 30% to 45% , depending on the resin component , the PVC flame retardant chlorine content , the molecular structure and morphology different , showing a rigid plastic from the rubber elastic body in different state changes. Molecular weight of 1,000,000 or more CPE is not only good impact resistance , and excellent weather resistance , ABS and MBS overcome the shortcomings of poor weather . In addition , CPE chlorine in a great effect on the size of the modified , low chlorine content , its high crystallinity and poor toughness , high glass transition temperature , poor compatibility with PVC . Chlorine content is too high , CPE 's cohesion is stronger , but relatively poor dispersion . CPE in PVC dosage is generally 5% to 15%. CPE, cold resistance, chemical stability , flame resistance, oil resistance and electrical insulating properties are good .
④ ethylene - vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA): EVA used as modifiers of PVC , the vinyl acetate content should be more than 40 ¥ . EVA good weather resistance, modified PVC products can be used outdoors, but the transparency and tensile strength have declined. The addition of EVA is generally 5% ~ 10%, EVA as the modifier , also be used in the modified polyolefins , to improve weatherability , cold resistance .
⑤ styrene - butadiene = styrene copolymer (SBS): used mainly to change HIPS, PP, PS toughening , cold and impact strength . Added amount is generally 5 % to 10 %, can greatly improve the low temperature impact toughness .
⑥ synthetic rubber and thermoplastic elastomer impact modifier : synthetic rubber and thermoplastic elastomers have excellent toughness, flexibility , high elasticity and excellent low temperature performance, itself has good impact resistance , good impact resistance is changed Xing agent.
POE is an ethylene / octene copolymers, as PE, PP, PA impact modifier to good effect in toughening the same time, to lower rigidity .
EPDM rubber (EPDM), has good flexibility, elasticity , tear resistance , acid and alkali , weather resistance and impact resistance.
From ethylene , propylene copolymer made of ethylene propylene rubber (EPR), an amorphous rubber, has good impact properties.
Nitrile rubber (NBR), generally used in acrylonitrile content of 26 % to 32 % of impact modifier .
Others include styrene-butadiene rubber , butadiene rubber , chloroprene rubber, butadiene rubber , etc., can be used as impact modifiers , General addition of 10% to 20%. Currently there are more commonly used ethylene-propylene rubber and nitrile rubber, for the modification of PVC, PP, HIPS, PS and other thermoplastic resins.
2 , processing modifier classification and species
① ACR: ACR is methyl methacrylate and acrylic acid ester copolymer. ACR has a core / shell structure of the polymers. Is a crosslinked butyl acrylate (BA) rubber-like polymer as the core and poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as the shell , the outer shell of his good compatibility with PVC, PMMA , and its inner layer of mild crosslinked core, the core and the shell or by a concentration gradient method of controlling with other polymers gradual transition , a transition layer is formed , so that the shell core and the compatibility is improved, which greatly improves the impact resistance results. It is not only the PVC processing modifier , impact modifier is a thermoplastic polyolefins and coupling agents . ACR models are more varieties .
ACR-201: white powder, the relative density of 1.05 to 1.20 , the particle size of 98 % passing 30 mesh . And close to the solubility parameter of PVC , it has good compatibility and moldability . As the PVC processing modifier generally ACR was 1% to 3%.
ACR-401: Appearance white powder, is methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate , styrene monomer is copolymerized four kinds . The molecular structure of the core-shell structure, molecular weight of 250,000 ~ 750,000 . Intrinsic viscosity of 0.5 to 1 Fineness 98% passed through a 40 mesh , the glass transition temperature of 54 ℃, the thermal decomposition temperature of 268 ℃, insoluble in water, soluble in acetone , methyl ethyl ketone . Non-toxic fire retardant.
Due to the crosslinked butyl acrylate rubber elastic body is formed as a shell structure , and therefore have good processing flowability and impact toughness.
② P-83: P-83 full name CHEMIGUM-P83, which is copolymer of butadiene and acrylonitrile , i.e., a new type of powdered nitrile rubber , a loose powder , has a special three-dimensional structure . Which is characterized by good compatibility with PVC , PVC overall improvement in performance. Improved processability , thermal stability , low temperature resistance , abrasion resistance , flexibility and the like .
And P-83 similar processing aids are: Canadian production KPYNAC-1122 and DuPont ELVALOY-741, 742 , etc.
③ poly- α- methylstyrene : the α- methylstyrene oligomer . Also known as AMS or R-18. Phenol and acetone production by-product , but also by cumene dehydrogenation. AMS molecular weight of 300 to 350 is liquid ; molecular weight of 700 to 1000 , known as M-80 resin , is brittle solid , a softening point of 93 ~ 105 ℃. AMS except for PVC , but also for the PU, PS, ABS and CPE and other cold weather processing modifier .
④ 820-G: is a chlorinated paraffin and polypropylene oxide - ethylene made by free radical grafting of flame retardant a surfactant , and a silane coupling agent after the chlorine composed of surface-treated carrier . Can significantly improve the processability of rigid PVC , and when adding 10 % to 15 %, the impact strength can be improved and increased surface gloss , replace part of ACR, that the products costs.
⑤ NPA: a polyolefin resin, a fluorine-containing resin , silicone , waxes and other preparation . NPA-6, NPA-8 is a linear low density polyethylene processing aids , the appearance of a white powder , melting at 105 ~ 110 ℃, molecular weight of 1,000 to 1,500 , a melt index of 50 ~ 55g/10min. NPA has a smoothness and processing mobility. Added amount is generally from 2% to 4%.
⑥ Many of the impact modifier MBS, ABS, CPE, EVA, SBS such as impact modifier , is processing modifier .
( A ) impact modifiers and processing modifier function
1 , the performance of impact modifier
To improve the impact properties of plastic additives added for the purpose referred to as impact modifier . These additives can not only improve the impact strength of the resin , but magnesium stearate also to improve the processability of the resin . Impact modifier is typically used in rigid PVC , but in polypropylene, polystyrene and modified plastics has universal application. Currently , rigid PVC impact modifier used mainly some copolymer resin or a modified resin such as ABS, MBS, EVA, CPE , and thermoplastic rubber , thermoplastic elastomers , which are widely used as PVC, PE, PP, PS, AS, ABS, PMMA, PA, PC, PBT, PET and so on. Impact modifier may be added into a ductile plastic brittle plastics can be applied only in the normal temperature of the plastic into a plastic used at low temperatures , in addition , can effectively improve the processing properties of plastics .
Ideal resistance modifier should have the following properties:
① and modification of the substrate must have a good compatibility.
② modifier particle size, morphology medium a diameter of about 200nm is appropriate to protect the effect is a high impact strength .
③ modifier to lower the glass transition temperature is preferred.
④ impact modifier preferably has slightly crosslinked to improve the reinforcing effect .
⑤ modifier processing properties of the resin without prejudice to its apparent performance and physical and mechanical properties without adverse effects.
⑥ requires non-toxic, non-polluting and affordable.
2 , the processing performance modifier
Processing modifier for plastic processing performance is poor and development of a class of additives that are added to improve the polymer in the molten resin flow , and a thermal stability, heat distortion resistance and surface gloss of the material products . Currently, the processing modifier is mainly to improve the melt viscosity of PVC , improved flowability and processability.
Processing modifier primarily polymer, the application is more acrylic copolymer , such as methyl methacrylate / acrylic acid copolymer system (MMA / FA system ) , methyl methacrylate / butyl methacrylate acrylate / ethyl acrylate / methyl methacrylate copolymer systems (MMA / BMA / EA / EMA system ) , methyl methacrylate / ethyl acrylate / acrylonitrile copolymer system (MMA / EA / AN system ), etc. The amount of resin added is usually from 3% to 8%.
( Two ) impact modifiers and processing modifier classification and species
1 , impact modifiers and species classification
① acrylonitrile - butadiene - styrene copolymer (ABS): ABS resin is a graft copolymer of polybutadiene latex is added to the styrene and acrylonitrile monomers copolymerized . Impact modifier for PVC, ABS has a good effect, the toughening effect, while the tensile strength and elongation decrease is small, the general amount of 10% to 20%. ABS resin due to the presence of unsaturated structures , weather is poor, so products should not be long-term outdoor use . ABS resin is less than the compatibility with PVC, MBS, the product transparency is not as good MBS copolymer ; such as a transparent ABS and PVC blends can obtain a transparent products. When the ABS dosage of 20% to 30 %, the impact strength with excellent results.
② methyl methacrylate - butadiene - styrene copolymer (MBS): MBS is to polybutadiene or butadiene - styrene emulsion , methyl methacrylate graft copolymerized . Adding MBS resin can improve the impact toughness of PVC , polyvinyl chloride increase the transparency , but poor aging resistance of MBS , MBS higher rubber content , the higher the impact toughness . MBS added amount is generally 10% to 17 % is appropriate, more than 30 % of the brittle failure occurs .
③ chlorinated polyethylene (CPE): chlorinated polyethylene of high density polyethylene (HDPE) chlorination , chlorine content is generally 30% to 45% , depending on the resin component , the PVC flame retardant chlorine content , the molecular structure and morphology different , showing a rigid plastic from the rubber elastic body in different state changes. Molecular weight of 1,000,000 or more CPE is not only good impact resistance , and excellent weather resistance , ABS and MBS overcome the shortcomings of poor weather . In addition , CPE chlorine in a great effect on the size of the modified , low chlorine content , its high crystallinity and poor toughness , high glass transition temperature , poor compatibility with PVC . Chlorine content is too high , CPE 's cohesion is stronger , but relatively poor dispersion . CPE in PVC dosage is generally 5% to 15%. CPE, cold resistance, chemical stability , flame resistance, oil resistance and electrical insulating properties are good .
④ ethylene - vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA): EVA used as modifiers of PVC , the vinyl acetate content should be more than 40 ¥ . EVA good weather resistance, modified PVC products can be used outdoors, but the transparency and tensile strength have declined. The addition of EVA is generally 5% ~ 10%, EVA as the modifier , also be used in the modified polyolefins , to improve weatherability , cold resistance .
⑤ styrene - butadiene = styrene copolymer (SBS): used mainly to change HIPS, PP, PS toughening , cold and impact strength . Added amount is generally 5 % to 10 %, can greatly improve the low temperature impact toughness .
⑥ synthetic rubber and thermoplastic elastomer impact modifier : synthetic rubber and thermoplastic elastomers have excellent toughness, flexibility , high elasticity and excellent low temperature performance, itself has good impact resistance , good impact resistance is changed Xing agent.
POE is an ethylene / octene copolymers, as PE, PP, PA impact modifier to good effect in toughening the same time, to lower rigidity .
EPDM rubber (EPDM), has good flexibility, elasticity , tear resistance , acid and alkali , weather resistance and impact resistance.
From ethylene , propylene copolymer made of ethylene propylene rubber (EPR), an amorphous rubber, has good impact properties.
Nitrile rubber (NBR), generally used in acrylonitrile content of 26 % to 32 % of impact modifier .
Others include styrene-butadiene rubber , butadiene rubber , chloroprene rubber, butadiene rubber , etc., can be used as impact modifiers , General addition of 10% to 20%. Currently there are more commonly used ethylene-propylene rubber and nitrile rubber, for the modification of PVC, PP, HIPS, PS and other thermoplastic resins.
2 , processing modifier classification and species
① ACR: ACR is methyl methacrylate and acrylic acid ester copolymer. ACR has a core / shell structure of the polymers. Is a crosslinked butyl acrylate (BA) rubber-like polymer as the core and poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as the shell , the outer shell of his good compatibility with PVC, PMMA , and its inner layer of mild crosslinked core, the core and the shell or by a concentration gradient method of controlling with other polymers gradual transition , a transition layer is formed , so that the shell core and the compatibility is improved, which greatly improves the impact resistance results. It is not only the PVC processing modifier , impact modifier is a thermoplastic polyolefins and coupling agents . ACR models are more varieties .
ACR-201: white powder, the relative density of 1.05 to 1.20 , the particle size of 98 % passing 30 mesh . And close to the solubility parameter of PVC , it has good compatibility and moldability . As the PVC processing modifier generally ACR was 1% to 3%.
ACR-401: Appearance white powder, is methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate , styrene monomer is copolymerized four kinds . The molecular structure of the core-shell structure, molecular weight of 250,000 ~ 750,000 . Intrinsic viscosity of 0.5 to 1 Fineness 98% passed through a 40 mesh , the glass transition temperature of 54 ℃, the thermal decomposition temperature of 268 ℃, insoluble in water, soluble in acetone , methyl ethyl ketone . Non-toxic fire retardant.
Due to the crosslinked butyl acrylate rubber elastic body is formed as a shell structure , and therefore have good processing flowability and impact toughness.
② P-83: P-83 full name CHEMIGUM-P83, which is copolymer of butadiene and acrylonitrile , i.e., a new type of powdered nitrile rubber , a loose powder , has a special three-dimensional structure . Which is characterized by good compatibility with PVC , PVC overall improvement in performance. Improved processability , thermal stability , low temperature resistance , abrasion resistance , flexibility and the like .
And P-83 similar processing aids are: Canadian production KPYNAC-1122 and DuPont ELVALOY-741, 742 , etc.
③ poly- α- methylstyrene : the α- methylstyrene oligomer . Also known as AMS or R-18. Phenol and acetone production by-product , but also by cumene dehydrogenation. AMS molecular weight of 300 to 350 is liquid ; molecular weight of 700 to 1000 , known as M-80 resin , is brittle solid , a softening point of 93 ~ 105 ℃. AMS except for PVC , but also for the PU, PS, ABS and CPE and other cold weather processing modifier .
④ 820-G: is a chlorinated paraffin and polypropylene oxide - ethylene made by free radical grafting of flame retardant a surfactant , and a silane coupling agent after the chlorine composed of surface-treated carrier . Can significantly improve the processability of rigid PVC , and when adding 10 % to 15 %, the impact strength can be improved and increased surface gloss , replace part of ACR, that the products costs.
⑤ NPA: a polyolefin resin, a fluorine-containing resin , silicone , waxes and other preparation . NPA-6, NPA-8 is a linear low density polyethylene processing aids , the appearance of a white powder , melting at 105 ~ 110 ℃, molecular weight of 1,000 to 1,500 , a melt index of 50 ~ 55g/10min. NPA has a smoothness and processing mobility. Added amount is generally from 2% to 4%.
⑥ Many of the impact modifier MBS, ABS, CPE, EVA, SBS such as impact modifier , is processing modifier .
2013年8月27日星期二
plasticizer chemical classification
(1) acid esters (including phthalic, terephthalic, isophthalic acid esters).
(2) aliphatic dibasic acid esters (including adipic acid esters, azelaic acid esters, sebacic acid esters).
(3) phosphate esters antimony oxide (including phosphoric acid fatty alcohol esters, phosphoric esters and chlorinated phenol phosphate).
(4) a polyol ester (include glycerol triacetate, diethylene glycol benzoate, etc.).
(5) benzene multi esters (including trimellitic acid, trioctyl trimellitate three hexyl, pyromellitic acid tetraethyl ester).
(6) Citric acid Glycerol monostearate esters [including triethyl citrate, acetyl triethyl citrate, tributyl citrate, acetyl tributyl citrate (2 - ethylhexyl) ester, etc.].
(7) polyesters (including propylene glycol polyester of adipic acid, sebacic acid, propylene glycol polyester, phthalic acid polyester, etc.).
(8) epoxy (including epoxidized soybean oil, epoxidized linseed oil, epoxidized butyl oleate, octyl epoxy stearate, epoxidized triglycerides, propylene tetrahydro phthalic octyl, etc.).
(9) a chlorine-based (including paraffin, pentachlorophenol methyl stearate).
(10) a reactive plasticizer (including maleic acid, butyl maleate, octyl acrylate, acrylic acid / methacrylic acid polyhydric alcohol zinc borate esters, fumaric acid esters, itaconic acid esters, unsaturated polyester resin, etc.).
(2) aliphatic dibasic acid esters (including adipic acid esters, azelaic acid esters, sebacic acid esters).
(3) phosphate esters antimony oxide (including phosphoric acid fatty alcohol esters, phosphoric esters and chlorinated phenol phosphate).
(4) a polyol ester (include glycerol triacetate, diethylene glycol benzoate, etc.).
(5) benzene multi esters (including trimellitic acid, trioctyl trimellitate three hexyl, pyromellitic acid tetraethyl ester).
(6) Citric acid Glycerol monostearate esters [including triethyl citrate, acetyl triethyl citrate, tributyl citrate, acetyl tributyl citrate (2 - ethylhexyl) ester, etc.].
(7) polyesters (including propylene glycol polyester of adipic acid, sebacic acid, propylene glycol polyester, phthalic acid polyester, etc.).
(8) epoxy (including epoxidized soybean oil, epoxidized linseed oil, epoxidized butyl oleate, octyl epoxy stearate, epoxidized triglycerides, propylene tetrahydro phthalic octyl, etc.).
(9) a chlorine-based (including paraffin, pentachlorophenol methyl stearate).
(10) a reactive plasticizer (including maleic acid, butyl maleate, octyl acrylate, acrylic acid / methacrylic acid polyhydric alcohol zinc borate esters, fumaric acid esters, itaconic acid esters, unsaturated polyester resin, etc.).
Plasticizer
Plasticizers (English: Plasticizer), also known as a plasticizer, a plasticizer, an increase in softness of the material or liquefied additive material. Add object contains plastic, concrete, drywall materials, cement and gypsum and so on. The same kind of plasticizing agent often used in different objects, but its effect is often not the impact modifier same. Plasticizer range up to hundreds of kinds, but the most commonly used means one group of compounds known as phthalates. According to statistics, in 2004 the world's plasticizing agent market, totaled about 550 million tons and 6,000,000 tons moving toward. Add a plasticizer based plastics used functions in different environments, manufactured with a variety of toughness and softness, gloss finished, which required more soft plastic products the more plasticizer added. General often use plastic wrap, one is without additives PE (polyethylene) material, but its viscosity is poor; Another widely used is PVC (polyvinyl chloride) plastic wrap, a large number of plasticizers to make PVC material becomes soft and increases viscosity, very suitable for fresh food packaging. Use concrete plasticizer (superplasticizer), can increase the workability of the low molecular polyethylene mixture is not easy to produce cellular facilitate construction, thereby reducing the water content ratio, increase the intensity. The wall material can be increased by adding a mixture of plasticizers liquefaction degree, so they do not add too much water, can reduce the time required for drying the wall. Basic types of internal plasticizer
Internal plasticizer is actually part of the polymer. Plasticizers are generally within the polymer during the polymerization of the second monomer introduced. Since the second monomer in the polymer molecular structure, reducing the polymer molecule chains are isotactic, which reduces the crystallinity of the polymer chain. Such as vinyl chloride - vinyl acetate copolymer softer than vinyl chloride homopolymer. The use of plasticizers within the temperature range is relatively narrow, and must be added during the polymerization, so use less internal plasticizer. External plasticizer
External plasticizer is a low molecular weight compounds or polymers, it is required to add the carbon black polymer plasticized, increase the plasticity of polymers. External plasticizer is generally a high boiling point of less volatile liquid or low melting point solids, and the vast majority of organic compounds are esters. Usually they do not react with the polymer, and the interaction of the polymer mainly in the swelling action of elevated temperatures, with the polymer to form a solid solution. External plasticizers production and a more comprehensive and easy to use, very wide application. Now people are referring to the general said plasticizer external plasticizer. Dioctyl phthalate (DOP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) are outside the plasticizer
Internal plasticizer is actually part of the polymer. Plasticizers are generally within the polymer during the polymerization of the second monomer introduced. Since the second monomer in the polymer molecular structure, reducing the polymer molecule chains are isotactic, which reduces the crystallinity of the polymer chain. Such as vinyl chloride - vinyl acetate copolymer softer than vinyl chloride homopolymer. The use of plasticizers within the temperature range is relatively narrow, and must be added during the polymerization, so use less internal plasticizer. External plasticizer
External plasticizer is a low molecular weight compounds or polymers, it is required to add the carbon black polymer plasticized, increase the plasticity of polymers. External plasticizer is generally a high boiling point of less volatile liquid or low melting point solids, and the vast majority of organic compounds are esters. Usually they do not react with the polymer, and the interaction of the polymer mainly in the swelling action of elevated temperatures, with the polymer to form a solid solution. External plasticizers production and a more comprehensive and easy to use, very wide application. Now people are referring to the general said plasticizer external plasticizer. Dioctyl phthalate (DOP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) are outside the plasticizer
2013年8月26日星期一
plasticizer cause male infertility
Plasticizer is causing male infertility: Phthalates are a class of plastics used in the main plasticizer and PVC processing aid flexible agent, because all kinds of plastic packaging fast food appeared in large numbers, making contact with people on the plasticizer opportunities have increased significantly. After 10 years of research found that phthalates in plastics plasticizer may be the cause behind male infertility. In animal experiments, we gave mice fed plasticizers and found decreased testis weight, smaller size, and degenerative changes in testes appeared decreased sperm count, sperm deformity rate increased. In certain doses, associated with the heat stabilizer for pipe two kinds of plasticizers used in mouse bone marrow micronucleus and sperm abnormality test results were positive. This shows that the plasticizer is a heritable cause chromosomal aberrations cleavage agent. Plasticizers body excretory phase current is not clear if the daily intake, it is easy to accumulate in the body, resulting in toxic effects. In order to reduce the exposure of childbearing age youth plasticizer, we recommend that antimony flame retardant young people of childbearing age to take the following self-protection measures: ① eat instant food in plastic packaging. ② not directly heated plastic packaged foods (such as bags of milk). ③ not in plastic food storage container and heated in a microwave. ④ without plastic bags placed hot fritters, cakes, Gao, hemp groups, and other fried fried foods. ⑤ the roadside food vendors to provide colorful small plastic bag shut. ⑥ strict implementation of 1 June 2008 China began to implement the plastic limit. This is not only beneficial to protect the environment, maintain the ecological balance, and help reduce the health hazards of plasticizers, especially for childbearing potential threat to the male reproductive capacity.
plasticizer raw materials markets around the modest support consolidation trend
Domestic production and demand DOP markets have remained relatively low level, as the Spring Festival approaching, some tin stabilizer large businesses temporarily entertained watching, low-cost sales intentions rarely. The markets have been stable raw phthalic anhydride, domestic and imported supply remains low level, those rumors recently phthalic petrochemical manufacturers continue to hike prices or 300 yuan / ton. Another octanol tight supply of raw materials, the price hike today Lihuayi 100 yuan / ton, Qilu those rumors recently octanol or hike the northeast and 300 yuan / ton, dual movement of raw materials are right DOP market will support.
Related products, although by early PMI data and crude oil prices, driven, PVC follow up, but the aluminum hydroxide macro market is still affected by the European debt problem can not be sustained positive, PVC highs. However, due to the cost of support, PVC recent overall performance within a narrow range. Near the end, the spot market stocking intention appears, but because the business is still hard for years after optimistic, so the liquid stabilizer spot is not active, watching the thicker atmosphere.
Related products, although by early PMI data and crude oil prices, driven, PVC follow up, but the aluminum hydroxide macro market is still affected by the European debt problem can not be sustained positive, PVC highs. However, due to the cost of support, PVC recent overall performance within a narrow range. Near the end, the spot market stocking intention appears, but because the business is still hard for years after optimistic, so the liquid stabilizer spot is not active, watching the thicker atmosphere.
2013年8月25日星期日
PVC with a metal soap stabilizers
Metal soap as a stabilizer, mainly for the stearate aluminum plastics industry, particularly PVC use more. Stabilizer for PVC, mostly for cadmium, barium
, Calcium, zinc, aluminum, magnesium, higher fatty acid salts, particularly salts of stearic acid and lauric acid. They play a hydrogen chloride
Acceptor effect, metallic soap of carboxyl group and a chlorine atom PVC replacement reaction, since the esterification of PVC stabilized. In most cases, the esterification reaction rate ZnCdPdCaBa. Because cadmium toxicity, have now banned. Zinc soaps are
Complementary role with the stearate aluminum best stabilizers, but long-term stability is poor, the price cheaper, non-toxic, can be used in food packaging films.
Common Ownership zinc stearate, zinc laurate, ... PVC heat stabilizers generally based on processing tribasic lead sulfate (three salt),
Dibasic Lead Stearate (b salt)-based, then add a small amount of lead stearate (hard lead) and calcium stearate (hard calcium), can be a single
Alone, can also be a reasonable match, made of composite lead salt stabilizer. Because the toxicity of lead cause for great concern
, Three salt, two lead salt stabilizer higher indifferent people, and thus the metal soap-based heat stabilizer (particularly excluding
Lead metal soaps) concern for people, the thermal stability of the metal soap Mechanism has become a hot topic. Because PVC heat
Stabilizer in the production aspect is protected by patents, so there is no reported its exact composition and dibutyl phthalate content. Commercially available commercial thermal stability
Setting agent is a mixture of various compounds. Mixture is better than pure substances stabilizing effect. Meanwhile, in processing PVC heat
Stabilizers should carefully consider its toxicity. PVC, processors and consumers should pay attention to warnings about the toxicity of stabilizer.
, Calcium, zinc, aluminum, magnesium, higher fatty acid salts, particularly salts of stearic acid and lauric acid. They play a hydrogen chloride
Acceptor effect, metallic soap of carboxyl group and a chlorine atom PVC replacement reaction, since the esterification of PVC stabilized. In most cases, the esterification reaction rate ZnCdPdCaBa. Because cadmium toxicity, have now banned. Zinc soaps are
Complementary role with the stearate aluminum best stabilizers, but long-term stability is poor, the price cheaper, non-toxic, can be used in food packaging films.
Common Ownership zinc stearate, zinc laurate, ... PVC heat stabilizers generally based on processing tribasic lead sulfate (three salt),
Dibasic Lead Stearate (b salt)-based, then add a small amount of lead stearate (hard lead) and calcium stearate (hard calcium), can be a single
Alone, can also be a reasonable match, made of composite lead salt stabilizer. Because the toxicity of lead cause for great concern
, Three salt, two lead salt stabilizer higher indifferent people, and thus the metal soap-based heat stabilizer (particularly excluding
Lead metal soaps) concern for people, the thermal stability of the metal soap Mechanism has become a hot topic. Because PVC heat
Stabilizer in the production aspect is protected by patents, so there is no reported its exact composition and dibutyl phthalate content. Commercially available commercial thermal stability
Setting agent is a mixture of various compounds. Mixture is better than pure substances stabilizing effect. Meanwhile, in processing PVC heat
Stabilizers should carefully consider its toxicity. PVC, processors and consumers should pay attention to warnings about the toxicity of stabilizer.
composite metal soap heat stabilizers for PVC Thermal Stability
PVC heat stabilizers generally based on processing tribasic lead sulfate (three salt), dibasic lead stearate (two salt)-based, then add a small amount of lead stearate (hard lead) and fluorescent brightener Calcium stearate (hard calcium), may be used alone, can be reasonable, made of composite lead salt stabilizer. The toxicity of lead cause for great concern, three salt, two lead salt stabilizer higher indifferent people, and thus the metal soap-based heat stabilizer (particularly a lead-free metal soap) for people concerned, the thermal stability of the metal soap Mechanism has become a hot topic. Because PVC heat stabilizers in the production aspect potassium soap is protected by patents, so there is no reported its exact composition and content. Commercial heat stabilizers are commercially available mixture of various compounds. Mixture is better than pure substances stabilizing effect. Meanwhile, in dealing PVC heat stabilizers are required to carefully consider its toxicity. PVC, processors and consumers should pay attention to warnings about the toxicity of acrylic processing stabilizer. With advanced equipment and technology can analyze the chemical composition of the stabilizer. Composite metal soap heat stabilizers 4180 (referred to 4180) is a novel heat stabilizer PVC processing, is to analyze them in order to provide a viable analysis technique, it is beneficial for heat stabilizers toxic substances supervision.
2013年8月23日星期五
drying machine drying equipment continuously
Spin flash dryer is my factory digestion and absorption of foreign advanced technology, improving developed for drying sticky paste, filter
Cake and powder-like materials such as a new tribasic lead sulphate type of drying equipment. The factory is equipped with modern laboratories, users can do all kinds of things on behalf of
Material drying test, providing test data and assist in selection. Works by hot air from the inlet annulus speed
Stir into the rotating grinding chamber. Large particles, the larger group than the wet granules are mechanically crushed in the mixing chamber and subject
To a centrifuge, shear, impact, friction and so further micronized particles reduce the moisture content to increase particle steam
Hair area, low moisture content, particle size smaller particles are entrained rotation increased further during the rise
Dry. Since the role of gas-solid flow in rotating inertia of solid phase than gas, solid-gas relative velocity between the two phases larger
Enhance heat and mass transfer between the phases, so the machine dry and high strength. Features 1, As the material by centrifugation, scissors
Cutting, collision, friction and being highly dispersed state of fine particles, and the larger the relative speed between gas-solid, reinforced
Heat and mass transfer of the machine dry and high strength. 2, dry gas into the bottom of the dryer produces strong rotating airflow
On the wall material produced a strong rushing effect, eliminate the phenomenon of sticky wall. 3, the bottom of the Glycrin monostearate high temperature in the dryer
, Heat-sensitive materials are not in direct contact with hot surfaces, to solve the problem of heat-sensitive materials coking discoloration. 4, due to dry
Dry indoor gas speed at high residence time is short, high efficiency and fast, large-scale production of small devices. 5, the drying chamber
Set inside the swirl tablets to control the material moisture reached very low levels. 6, the zinc borate drying chamber can be controlled upper outlet diffuser
Material particle size and moisture. 1, the air filter 2, blower 3, the air heater 4, plus
Feeder 5, hosts six, seven cyclones, dust
Organic compounds: atrazine (pesticides), cadmium laurate, benzoic acid, benzoic acid, sterilization, sodium oxalate
, Cellulose acetate. 2, the dye: anthracene Kun, black iron oxide, indigo blue pigment, T acid, titanium hydroxide, zinc sulfide
, A variety of azo dyes intermediates. 3, inorganic: borax, calcium hydroxide, copper sulfate, iron oxide
, Barium carbonate, antimony trioxide, antimony pentoxide, metal hydroxides, metal salts of a variety of synthetic cryolite
And so on. 4, Ceramics: kaolin, silica, clay. 5 foods: soy protein, gelling starch, lees
, Wheat bran, wheat starch, etc.
Cake and powder-like materials such as a new tribasic lead sulphate type of drying equipment. The factory is equipped with modern laboratories, users can do all kinds of things on behalf of
Material drying test, providing test data and assist in selection. Works by hot air from the inlet annulus speed
Stir into the rotating grinding chamber. Large particles, the larger group than the wet granules are mechanically crushed in the mixing chamber and subject
To a centrifuge, shear, impact, friction and so further micronized particles reduce the moisture content to increase particle steam
Hair area, low moisture content, particle size smaller particles are entrained rotation increased further during the rise
Dry. Since the role of gas-solid flow in rotating inertia of solid phase than gas, solid-gas relative velocity between the two phases larger
Enhance heat and mass transfer between the phases, so the machine dry and high strength. Features 1, As the material by centrifugation, scissors
Cutting, collision, friction and being highly dispersed state of fine particles, and the larger the relative speed between gas-solid, reinforced
Heat and mass transfer of the machine dry and high strength. 2, dry gas into the bottom of the dryer produces strong rotating airflow
On the wall material produced a strong rushing effect, eliminate the phenomenon of sticky wall. 3, the bottom of the Glycrin monostearate high temperature in the dryer
, Heat-sensitive materials are not in direct contact with hot surfaces, to solve the problem of heat-sensitive materials coking discoloration. 4, due to dry
Dry indoor gas speed at high residence time is short, high efficiency and fast, large-scale production of small devices. 5, the drying chamber
Set inside the swirl tablets to control the material moisture reached very low levels. 6, the zinc borate drying chamber can be controlled upper outlet diffuser
Material particle size and moisture. 1, the air filter 2, blower 3, the air heater 4, plus
Feeder 5, hosts six, seven cyclones, dust
Organic compounds: atrazine (pesticides), cadmium laurate, benzoic acid, benzoic acid, sterilization, sodium oxalate
, Cellulose acetate. 2, the dye: anthracene Kun, black iron oxide, indigo blue pigment, T acid, titanium hydroxide, zinc sulfide
, A variety of azo dyes intermediates. 3, inorganic: borax, calcium hydroxide, copper sulfate, iron oxide
, Barium carbonate, antimony trioxide, antimony pentoxide, metal hydroxides, metal salts of a variety of synthetic cryolite
And so on. 4, Ceramics: kaolin, silica, clay. 5 foods: soy protein, gelling starch, lees
, Wheat bran, wheat starch, etc.
stearate, stearyl alcohol ester
One kinds of stearyl alcohol ester synthesis method in the case of organic synthesis technology ester compound to
Stearic acid and stearyl alcohol as raw materials, characterized in that the metal oxide catalyst under a nitrogen atmosphere into
Line esterification, alcohol, filtration obtained stearyl stearate; said metal oxide is magnesium oxide or stannous
Or iron oxide in an tin stabilizer amount of stearic acid and stearyl alcohol, the total weight of 0.03 to 0.12%. Rational use of the present invention gold
Metal oxide as a catalyst, such catalysts have high selectivity, non-corrosive, simple production process, through
Through the filter can be removed, so that product quality is stable; while the metal oxide catalyst according to requirements, optimized
Design and trial research, reasonably determine the ratio of raw materials, amount of catalyst, reaction temperature, time and white blowing agent other process parameters
Hours and conditions, mild reaction conditions, using simple equipment, so that equipment investment is more savings.
018 words a dry method production process and apparatus stearate
0002 Preparation of stearate
8005 stearate step synthesis method
1003 stearate prepared nanocrystalline ceramic powder
3008 improved stearate composition and preparation method
017 Preparation of stearic acid complexation of metal nano-dispersion strengthened alloy powder method using pre-
3013 emissions-step synthesis method for the production of calcium stearate
8001 non-aqueous stearate step Synthesis
0010 improved stearate composition and chrome green preparation method
1007 adhesive lubricant containing metal powder composition comprising glyceryl stearate, and the adhesive lubricant
3012 Screw Reactor reactive extrusion process to produce heavy stearate methods
3006 Preparation of stearate
8004 stearate prepared novel nano ceramic powder materials technology
Stearic acid and stearyl alcohol as raw materials, characterized in that the metal oxide catalyst under a nitrogen atmosphere into
Line esterification, alcohol, filtration obtained stearyl stearate; said metal oxide is magnesium oxide or stannous
Or iron oxide in an tin stabilizer amount of stearic acid and stearyl alcohol, the total weight of 0.03 to 0.12%. Rational use of the present invention gold
Metal oxide as a catalyst, such catalysts have high selectivity, non-corrosive, simple production process, through
Through the filter can be removed, so that product quality is stable; while the metal oxide catalyst according to requirements, optimized
Design and trial research, reasonably determine the ratio of raw materials, amount of catalyst, reaction temperature, time and white blowing agent other process parameters
Hours and conditions, mild reaction conditions, using simple equipment, so that equipment investment is more savings.
018 words a dry method production process and apparatus stearate
0002 Preparation of stearate
8005 stearate step synthesis method
1003 stearate prepared nanocrystalline ceramic powder
3008 improved stearate composition and preparation method
017 Preparation of stearic acid complexation of metal nano-dispersion strengthened alloy powder method using pre-
3013 emissions-step synthesis method for the production of calcium stearate
8001 non-aqueous stearate step Synthesis
0010 improved stearate composition and chrome green preparation method
1007 adhesive lubricant containing metal powder composition comprising glyceryl stearate, and the adhesive lubricant
3012 Screw Reactor reactive extrusion process to produce heavy stearate methods
3006 Preparation of stearate
8004 stearate prepared novel nano ceramic powder materials technology
2013年8月22日星期四
Introduction of oil paint
Oil painting oil paint is a special paints, pigment powder from the refueling and mixer grinding. The basic components of oil paints and other paints as the pigment, extender pigment containing reagent and certain excipients such as plasticizers, stabilizers, slow drying agent or driers agent composition. Binding agent
Is composed of resin, drying oil and grease, balms and waxes, but usually used directly linseed oil.
Ratio of the pigment composition and
Usage, subject to pigment red iron oxide production process, cost, and storage, features, and many other factors, the different nature and different levels of pigment types of the raw material and the proportion of different constituents.
Pigment
Is the main component paints, its quality and the merits of the pigment content is also a major factor in the decision, but also directly affect the oil painting effect.
High pigment
Pigments of high quality raw materials chosen to ensure the purity of the color fastness and durability.
Ordinary paint
General level is used and mixed with a certain proportion of the toner filler, low cost choice of colorant pigment of poor quality, low cost, low filler blended more.
The toner used in addition to the PVC profile stabilizer previously mentioned painting of the performance, it is important to also consider the toner contained in the oil itself, the diffusion capacity of the toner, i.e., whether the performance of the oil fusion good question.
Containing reagent micro granular pigment color must be a liquid carrier medium to spread and application of liquid paint when dried, this thin film containing reagent to form the pigment particles firmly bonded together and stick to the foundation on.
Ingredient
There are dry vegetable oil in linseed oil, walnut oil, poppy oil, safflower oil and sunflower oil. They are oxidized in air leaving through the dried paint film, after drying oil paint colors and humid almost no significant difference, and this is one of the main advantages paintings.
Auxiliary materials
In addition to the toner and the toner contained in addition, depending on the pigment and the pigment performance specifications, in the production of the pigment is added to a certain proportion of auxiliary materials such as plastic agents, fillers, stabilizers, gloss agents and driers .
Wax, aluminum stearate, etc. can be added to the pigment in the pigment stable consistency and increased plasticity.
Pigment hiding low tinting strength is poor, often used as a filler in a general increase in oil paint. Although fillers will reduce the color purity, but for some colorant is a pigment and can take this improved properties such as thickness and fineness, color film can also adjust the hardness, the pigment is more stable performance and reduce costs.
Some toner slow drying, although the drying may use fast drying, but still need to add cobalt, manganese, lead driers.
Others need to use colorants opposite slow drying oil paint retarder to slow the drying rate. Some oil paint added to the resin used approaches to increase the gloss of the pigment.
The ratio of various materials
The quality and cost of the titanium dioxide pigment have played an important role, as its technology vendors secrets, so oil paint painter often unable to understand the exact composition of the specific circumstances.
Edit this paragraph performance
Effects and work life
Effects and techniques of oil painting with oil paints work life of the performance has a direct relationship
Oil paint performance
Tinting strength, light power, opacity, transparency, oil absorption, toughness, dryness, plasticity and leveling and so on.
Some of these properties directly affect the painting effect, some will indirectly have an impact, some are related to pigment production.
Oil paints a variety of performance according to different needs through the use of different media agents and auxiliary materials to be adjusted appropriately.
Coloring pigment tinting strength
More simply refers to the diffusion capacity of the pigment, that a certain kind of paint pigments mixed with another baseline after showing the ability of its original color intensity. Usually in white color for other colors benchmarks to measure their coloring. Tinting strength is also one of the main properties of pigment.
The strength of coloring pigments
Mainly by the pigment itself, the degree of light absorption and reflection of the decision, the greater absorption capacity, the stronger coloring.
Toner particle size and dispersion of the pigment is the coloring power.
In the same colors, organic pigment tinting strength generally stronger than inorganic pigments such as violet, red, crimson, and scarlet, etc. Some colors are too strong tinting strength strong bleeding, poor stability of the fatal shortcomings.
When used in a multilayer painting pan bottom color will produce color, it is difficult to be completely covered, so it is best to avoid using these colors, a last resort should be carefully controlled, with the deployment of such a color composite color should be the first added in small amounts , to reconcile uniform, and then gradually increase the dosage.
Edit this paragraph light force
Light force also called Fast force or lightfastness, is the pigment in the sun's ultraviolet radiation to maintain the original color tolerance, in general, inorganic pigments in the light of the role will darken gray hair, organic pigments then fades fading However, the light power sum up, the inorganic pigment is superior to general organic pigments.
Light force is an important indicator of the quality of identification of pigments
Light force test
Xenon light has a dedicated tester can simulate sunlight exposure can greatly reduce test time.
Light power level
Press the light fastness standards are divided into 1-8.
In general, the majority of organic pigments are not lightfast, mineral pigments are light, such as Alizarin red light will gradually fade, and yellowish brown, earth red and quality ultramarine was enduring.
In addition, between the pigment to be compatible with each other, and some paint reconcile because of a chemical reaction to change the hue; There's another color will penetrate the cover color, causing trouble.
Oil paint color lakes raw materials used in the production of rose, violet and pink, etc. are very poor light pigment force should be avoided.
Other red cadmium red and vermilion class except, if a join when there will be a white dilute noticeable fading phenomenon.
In addition, the role of oil, too much oil can cause yellowing darker hue, these are what we should try to avoid.
So some of the paint is easy to reconcile the best selection, fast drying, relatively stable pigment, and try to control the color range in a relatively concise, in order to avoid more accidents.
Many ancient masters are selected so familiar, easily, apply certain types of pigments to freely control, to achieve their goal of painting.
Simple test methods pigment
We are their common pigments can also be used to test the easiest way:
The need to test paint coating on the canvas or board, it is best to make the same kind of paint were painted flat, thick coating, thin coating and processing white dilute test.
Subject to color with black paper to dry up on the half block sunlight exposure, after comparing the results observed after a few months, you will find different colors of light force difference.
Hiding
The optical properties of the pigment determines the hiding power of paint pigment opacity and transparency, when the refractive index of the pigment and the presence of the surrounding medium are equal, the color of which was transparent. And when the pigment is greater than the refractive index of the medium refractive index is generated when hiding, hiding the greater the difference between the stronger.
Determinants of hiding
Pigment light scattering and absorption of the scattering rate is large or the color of a strong absorption capacity corresponding to a strong hiding it.
Hiding is one of the main characteristics of oil paint, oil painting effect opaque and translucent effects are determined by the strength of the pigment hiding.
Oil paint in strong hiding power are white, black, and iron-based pigments.
Transparency and opacity pigments as also determined by its refractive index and reflectivity, but just the opposite, and the former. Good color transparency necessarily weak covering power, and vice versa.
Transparency of the pigment particles but also with the toner weight, dispersion and shape of the crystal.
When painting the transparency of the pigment can be used to cover the method of color forming dye color. In the oil paint, each color hue are the respective relatively transparent, translucent and opaque pigments are available.
Generally, oil paints have better transparency crimson, green, ultramarine blue, ivory black and so on.
For transparent painting pigments containing reagent and color media agent itself should also have good transparency, after the addition of the pigment can make some of the original is not very transparent pigments have some transparency.
Whatever pigments, its transparent and opaque are not absolute, oil paint opacity and transparency is also relative.
The actual number of colors in the painting is in the state of various translucent and transparent and opaque color gamut together to form a rich and subtle contrast.
Is composed of resin, drying oil and grease, balms and waxes, but usually used directly linseed oil.
Ratio of the pigment composition and
Usage, subject to pigment red iron oxide production process, cost, and storage, features, and many other factors, the different nature and different levels of pigment types of the raw material and the proportion of different constituents.
Pigment
Is the main component paints, its quality and the merits of the pigment content is also a major factor in the decision, but also directly affect the oil painting effect.
High pigment
Pigments of high quality raw materials chosen to ensure the purity of the color fastness and durability.
Ordinary paint
General level is used and mixed with a certain proportion of the toner filler, low cost choice of colorant pigment of poor quality, low cost, low filler blended more.
The toner used in addition to the PVC profile stabilizer previously mentioned painting of the performance, it is important to also consider the toner contained in the oil itself, the diffusion capacity of the toner, i.e., whether the performance of the oil fusion good question.
Containing reagent micro granular pigment color must be a liquid carrier medium to spread and application of liquid paint when dried, this thin film containing reagent to form the pigment particles firmly bonded together and stick to the foundation on.
Ingredient
There are dry vegetable oil in linseed oil, walnut oil, poppy oil, safflower oil and sunflower oil. They are oxidized in air leaving through the dried paint film, after drying oil paint colors and humid almost no significant difference, and this is one of the main advantages paintings.
Auxiliary materials
In addition to the toner and the toner contained in addition, depending on the pigment and the pigment performance specifications, in the production of the pigment is added to a certain proportion of auxiliary materials such as plastic agents, fillers, stabilizers, gloss agents and driers .
Wax, aluminum stearate, etc. can be added to the pigment in the pigment stable consistency and increased plasticity.
Pigment hiding low tinting strength is poor, often used as a filler in a general increase in oil paint. Although fillers will reduce the color purity, but for some colorant is a pigment and can take this improved properties such as thickness and fineness, color film can also adjust the hardness, the pigment is more stable performance and reduce costs.
Some toner slow drying, although the drying may use fast drying, but still need to add cobalt, manganese, lead driers.
Others need to use colorants opposite slow drying oil paint retarder to slow the drying rate. Some oil paint added to the resin used approaches to increase the gloss of the pigment.
The ratio of various materials
The quality and cost of the titanium dioxide pigment have played an important role, as its technology vendors secrets, so oil paint painter often unable to understand the exact composition of the specific circumstances.
Edit this paragraph performance
Effects and work life
Effects and techniques of oil painting with oil paints work life of the performance has a direct relationship
Oil paint performance
Tinting strength, light power, opacity, transparency, oil absorption, toughness, dryness, plasticity and leveling and so on.
Some of these properties directly affect the painting effect, some will indirectly have an impact, some are related to pigment production.
Oil paints a variety of performance according to different needs through the use of different media agents and auxiliary materials to be adjusted appropriately.
Coloring pigment tinting strength
More simply refers to the diffusion capacity of the pigment, that a certain kind of paint pigments mixed with another baseline after showing the ability of its original color intensity. Usually in white color for other colors benchmarks to measure their coloring. Tinting strength is also one of the main properties of pigment.
The strength of coloring pigments
Mainly by the pigment itself, the degree of light absorption and reflection of the decision, the greater absorption capacity, the stronger coloring.
Toner particle size and dispersion of the pigment is the coloring power.
In the same colors, organic pigment tinting strength generally stronger than inorganic pigments such as violet, red, crimson, and scarlet, etc. Some colors are too strong tinting strength strong bleeding, poor stability of the fatal shortcomings.
When used in a multilayer painting pan bottom color will produce color, it is difficult to be completely covered, so it is best to avoid using these colors, a last resort should be carefully controlled, with the deployment of such a color composite color should be the first added in small amounts , to reconcile uniform, and then gradually increase the dosage.
Edit this paragraph light force
Light force also called Fast force or lightfastness, is the pigment in the sun's ultraviolet radiation to maintain the original color tolerance, in general, inorganic pigments in the light of the role will darken gray hair, organic pigments then fades fading However, the light power sum up, the inorganic pigment is superior to general organic pigments.
Light force is an important indicator of the quality of identification of pigments
Light force test
Xenon light has a dedicated tester can simulate sunlight exposure can greatly reduce test time.
Light power level
Press the light fastness standards are divided into 1-8.
In general, the majority of organic pigments are not lightfast, mineral pigments are light, such as Alizarin red light will gradually fade, and yellowish brown, earth red and quality ultramarine was enduring.
In addition, between the pigment to be compatible with each other, and some paint reconcile because of a chemical reaction to change the hue; There's another color will penetrate the cover color, causing trouble.
Oil paint color lakes raw materials used in the production of rose, violet and pink, etc. are very poor light pigment force should be avoided.
Other red cadmium red and vermilion class except, if a join when there will be a white dilute noticeable fading phenomenon.
In addition, the role of oil, too much oil can cause yellowing darker hue, these are what we should try to avoid.
So some of the paint is easy to reconcile the best selection, fast drying, relatively stable pigment, and try to control the color range in a relatively concise, in order to avoid more accidents.
Many ancient masters are selected so familiar, easily, apply certain types of pigments to freely control, to achieve their goal of painting.
Simple test methods pigment
We are their common pigments can also be used to test the easiest way:
The need to test paint coating on the canvas or board, it is best to make the same kind of paint were painted flat, thick coating, thin coating and processing white dilute test.
Subject to color with black paper to dry up on the half block sunlight exposure, after comparing the results observed after a few months, you will find different colors of light force difference.
Hiding
The optical properties of the pigment determines the hiding power of paint pigment opacity and transparency, when the refractive index of the pigment and the presence of the surrounding medium are equal, the color of which was transparent. And when the pigment is greater than the refractive index of the medium refractive index is generated when hiding, hiding the greater the difference between the stronger.
Determinants of hiding
Pigment light scattering and absorption of the scattering rate is large or the color of a strong absorption capacity corresponding to a strong hiding it.
Hiding is one of the main characteristics of oil paint, oil painting effect opaque and translucent effects are determined by the strength of the pigment hiding.
Oil paint in strong hiding power are white, black, and iron-based pigments.
Transparency and opacity pigments as also determined by its refractive index and reflectivity, but just the opposite, and the former. Good color transparency necessarily weak covering power, and vice versa.
Transparency of the pigment particles but also with the toner weight, dispersion and shape of the crystal.
When painting the transparency of the pigment can be used to cover the method of color forming dye color. In the oil paint, each color hue are the respective relatively transparent, translucent and opaque pigments are available.
Generally, oil paints have better transparency crimson, green, ultramarine blue, ivory black and so on.
For transparent painting pigments containing reagent and color media agent itself should also have good transparency, after the addition of the pigment can make some of the original is not very transparent pigments have some transparency.
Whatever pigments, its transparent and opaque are not absolute, oil paint opacity and transparency is also relative.
The actual number of colors in the painting is in the state of various translucent and transparent and opaque color gamut together to form a rich and subtle contrast.
painting pigments classification
Traditional Chinese painting pigments,
It is generally divided into mineral pigments and plant pigments two categories, from the use of historical perspective, there should be mineral, after the plants, as with ink first, loose tobacco, after the fumes. When the ancient petroglyphs left on the Plastic chemical bright color, according to laboratory tests, it was found with the mineral pigments (such as cinnabar), mineral pigments notable feature is not easy to fade, colorful splash painting in his later years have seen most of Zhang Daqian have this impression , a large area of azurite, malachite, cinnabar can make people lifted the spirit! Plant trees, flowers mainly from the pigments extracted out.
Mineral pigments
1, cinnabar (mineral name: cinnabar, chemical composition Hgs)
2, ZHU fat (extracted cinnabar, the top layer)
3, Vermilion (sulfur with mercury rose from refining, made artificial red mercury sulfide)
4, Shi Huang (mineral name: orpiment, chemical composition As2S3)
5, realgar (they rule the roost fine) (mineral name: realgar, chemical composition As2S2)
6, azurite (separately, two, three, four green) (blue copper mineral name, chemical composition Cu3 (CO3) 2 (OH) 2)
7, malachite green (separately, two, three, four green) (malachite mineral name, chemical composition Cu2CO3 (OH) 2)
8, ocher (sub deep ocher, pale ocher) (hematite mineral name, chemical composition of Fe2O3)
9, Gefen (shells polished, though not in such minerals but normalized) (calcite mineral name, chemical composition as CaCO3)
10, lead powder (easy to black, instead of commonly used titanium dioxide) (with lead processed into basic lead carbonate, MF: 2PbCO3 · Pb (OH) 2)
11, illuminated (or metal powder with a powder made of gold paint)
12, mud silver (with silver foil and glue made from silver pigment)
13, Taibai (zinc titanium dioxide, zinc and titanium dioxide are mixed abrasive)
1, cyanine (the indigo letting go grind mortar, about forty-two indigo, use eight hours to beat it. Grind grind later placed against the glue clarification clarification, the above write-up surfaced, the write- out that cyanine)
2, Garcinia (poisonous plants dicotyledonous Garcinia cambogia herbal gum resin)
3, rouge (safflower cook out of the red dye, Asteraceae saffron cultivated species in the genus, the chromium oxide scientific name Carthamus tinctoriusL.)
4, magenta (import, cochineal extract, though not yet attributed to such plants)
Edit this paragraph chemical pigments
(Unlike boxed hose, but also for massive, Jiang Si Xutang production)
1, eosin
2, Crimson
3, red
4, chrome yellow
5, Sky Blue
First and second class for the pure natural production, in addition to foreign infrared (it was originally introduced from Mexico), is a real sense of traditional Chinese painting pigments. Three types of pigments for the modern chemical synthesis, using them acceptable.
We are now the most used when the number of painted wood on Haima Li Industrial Co., Ltd. production of "Marley" brand Chinese painting pigments, easy to use, but easy to fade.
Generally speaking a kind of powder, to be used gelatin, two, three directly can be soaked in water for a while, more convenient to use.
Hand-painted pigments
Hand-painted with hand-painted pigments are pigments are hand-painted with personalized DIY popular in 2000 after the emergence of a new type of pigment widely used in hand-painted shoes, hand-painted T-shirts, small pillows, hand-painted purses, hand-painted silk, hand-painted clothing, clothing repair color, wall paintings and other fields. Colorful painting style and painted pigment is outstanding, especially for landscape painting in Chinese traditional painting and modern pop and other cute cartoon drawing. Hand-painted pigment is very simple, and the magnesium hydroxide pigment is super water resistant, regardless of machine wash, hand wash will never fade! DIY enthusiasts has been widely adopted. Common Domestic brands: Brand Hand-painted paint painted shadow.
It is generally divided into mineral pigments and plant pigments two categories, from the use of historical perspective, there should be mineral, after the plants, as with ink first, loose tobacco, after the fumes. When the ancient petroglyphs left on the Plastic chemical bright color, according to laboratory tests, it was found with the mineral pigments (such as cinnabar), mineral pigments notable feature is not easy to fade, colorful splash painting in his later years have seen most of Zhang Daqian have this impression , a large area of azurite, malachite, cinnabar can make people lifted the spirit! Plant trees, flowers mainly from the pigments extracted out.
Mineral pigments
1, cinnabar (mineral name: cinnabar, chemical composition Hgs)
2, ZHU fat (extracted cinnabar, the top layer)
3, Vermilion (sulfur with mercury rose from refining, made artificial red mercury sulfide)
4, Shi Huang (mineral name: orpiment, chemical composition As2S3)
5, realgar (they rule the roost fine) (mineral name: realgar, chemical composition As2S2)
6, azurite (separately, two, three, four green) (blue copper mineral name, chemical composition Cu3 (CO3) 2 (OH) 2)
7, malachite green (separately, two, three, four green) (malachite mineral name, chemical composition Cu2CO3 (OH) 2)
8, ocher (sub deep ocher, pale ocher) (hematite mineral name, chemical composition of Fe2O3)
9, Gefen (shells polished, though not in such minerals but normalized) (calcite mineral name, chemical composition as CaCO3)
10, lead powder (easy to black, instead of commonly used titanium dioxide) (with lead processed into basic lead carbonate, MF: 2PbCO3 · Pb (OH) 2)
11, illuminated (or metal powder with a powder made of gold paint)
12, mud silver (with silver foil and glue made from silver pigment)
13, Taibai (zinc titanium dioxide, zinc and titanium dioxide are mixed abrasive)
1, cyanine (the indigo letting go grind mortar, about forty-two indigo, use eight hours to beat it. Grind grind later placed against the glue clarification clarification, the above write-up surfaced, the write- out that cyanine)
2, Garcinia (poisonous plants dicotyledonous Garcinia cambogia herbal gum resin)
3, rouge (safflower cook out of the red dye, Asteraceae saffron cultivated species in the genus, the chromium oxide scientific name Carthamus tinctoriusL.)
4, magenta (import, cochineal extract, though not yet attributed to such plants)
Edit this paragraph chemical pigments
(Unlike boxed hose, but also for massive, Jiang Si Xutang production)
1, eosin
2, Crimson
3, red
4, chrome yellow
5, Sky Blue
First and second class for the pure natural production, in addition to foreign infrared (it was originally introduced from Mexico), is a real sense of traditional Chinese painting pigments. Three types of pigments for the modern chemical synthesis, using them acceptable.
We are now the most used when the number of painted wood on Haima Li Industrial Co., Ltd. production of "Marley" brand Chinese painting pigments, easy to use, but easy to fade.
Generally speaking a kind of powder, to be used gelatin, two, three directly can be soaked in water for a while, more convenient to use.
Hand-painted pigments
Hand-painted with hand-painted pigments are pigments are hand-painted with personalized DIY popular in 2000 after the emergence of a new type of pigment widely used in hand-painted shoes, hand-painted T-shirts, small pillows, hand-painted purses, hand-painted silk, hand-painted clothing, clothing repair color, wall paintings and other fields. Colorful painting style and painted pigment is outstanding, especially for landscape painting in Chinese traditional painting and modern pop and other cute cartoon drawing. Hand-painted pigment is very simple, and the magnesium hydroxide pigment is super water resistant, regardless of machine wash, hand wash will never fade! DIY enthusiasts has been widely adopted. Common Domestic brands: Brand Hand-painted paint painted shadow.
2013年8月19日星期一
fire retardant classification
Flame retardants can be classified according to their use additive flame
retardant and reactive flame retardant. Flame retardant additives usually
added to the Glycrin monostearate manner in conjunction with the base resin, and the resin
between them just a simple physical mixture; reactive flame retardant is
generally a molecule containing reactive elements and group-containing
monomer, such as a halogenated anhydrides, halogenated bisphenol-and
phosphorus-containing polyols and the like, because of its reactivity, can
be chemically bonded to the molecular chain of the resin, a plastic resin
part, most reactive flame retardant additive type structure or synthetic
monomer. Chemical composition according to the different flame retardants
can be divided into inorganic and organic flame retardants. Inorganic flame
retardants include aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, antimony oxide,
zinc borate, and red phosphorus, etc., halogenated organic flame mostly
organic bromides and organic chlorides, phosphates, halogenated phosphates,
nitrogen phosphorus-based flame retardants and intumescent flame
retardants. Smoke suppressant effect is to reduce the amount of flame-
retardant materials and toxic smoke emission of harmful gases, mostly for
molybdenum compounds, tin compounds and iron-based compounds. Although
antimony trioxide and titanium dioxide anatase zinc borate also smoke suppression, but is often used
as a flame retardant synergist and therefore classified as a flame
retardant system.
Flame retardant properties of the vast majority of a hard plastic
indicator, conventional flame retardant is used in halogen-containing flame
retardant. Combustion of halogenated flame retardant materials produce a
lot of smoke and toxic corrosive gases will cause secondary damage. Common
ingredients are phosphorus flame retardant formulations compound, a
silicon-based flame retardant, nitrogen-based flame retardants and metal
hydroxides, etc. Volatile combustion does not produce corrosive gases,
pollution-free flame retardants are known. Flame retardant is added to
phase in the pvc additive material suitable halogen flame retardant to achieve the
purpose, and to avoid secondary damage caused containing halogens.
retardant and reactive flame retardant. Flame retardant additives usually
added to the Glycrin monostearate manner in conjunction with the base resin, and the resin
between them just a simple physical mixture; reactive flame retardant is
generally a molecule containing reactive elements and group-containing
monomer, such as a halogenated anhydrides, halogenated bisphenol-and
phosphorus-containing polyols and the like, because of its reactivity, can
be chemically bonded to the molecular chain of the resin, a plastic resin
part, most reactive flame retardant additive type structure or synthetic
monomer. Chemical composition according to the different flame retardants
can be divided into inorganic and organic flame retardants. Inorganic flame
retardants include aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, antimony oxide,
zinc borate, and red phosphorus, etc., halogenated organic flame mostly
organic bromides and organic chlorides, phosphates, halogenated phosphates,
nitrogen phosphorus-based flame retardants and intumescent flame
retardants. Smoke suppressant effect is to reduce the amount of flame-
retardant materials and toxic smoke emission of harmful gases, mostly for
molybdenum compounds, tin compounds and iron-based compounds. Although
antimony trioxide and titanium dioxide anatase zinc borate also smoke suppression, but is often used
as a flame retardant synergist and therefore classified as a flame
retardant system.
Flame retardant properties of the vast majority of a hard plastic
indicator, conventional flame retardant is used in halogen-containing flame
retardant. Combustion of halogenated flame retardant materials produce a
lot of smoke and toxic corrosive gases will cause secondary damage. Common
ingredients are phosphorus flame retardant formulations compound, a
silicon-based flame retardant, nitrogen-based flame retardants and metal
hydroxides, etc. Volatile combustion does not produce corrosive gases,
pollution-free flame retardants are known. Flame retardant is added to
phase in the pvc additive material suitable halogen flame retardant to achieve the
purpose, and to avoid secondary damage caused containing halogens.
retardants Overview
Most plastics are flammable. With the plastic in the construction,
furniture, transportation, aviation, aerospace, electrical and other
aspects of the widely used to improve the acrylic processing flame retardancy of plastics has
become a very urgent issue. Inhibiting polymer flame retardant is a class
of flammability additives, they are mostly of the Periodic Table Ⅴ, Ⅶ Ⅲ
elements and compounds; especially phosphorus, bromine, chlorine, antimony
and aluminum compounds. Sub-additive flame retardants and reactive types.
Flame retardant halogen-containing primarily phosphate and phosphate, a
halogenated hydrocarbon, antimony oxide, and aluminum hydroxide. Advantage
is easy to use and adaptable. However, the addition of capacity of 10% to
30%, often affect the performance of plastics. Reactive flame retardant
containing the elements actually monomer, it has little effect on the
plastic properties. Common reactive flame retardants, halogenated
anhydrides such as for polyesters, for epoxy resins of tetrabromobisphenol
A, and phosphorus for polyurethane polyol. Initially flame retardants used
in the U.S., after the 1960s, the tio2 anatase amount of surge current usage after
plasticizer. Consuming most varieties of plastic flame retardant polyvinyl
chloride, polystyrene, polyurethane foam, unsaturated polyester, ABS resin
and polypropylene.
Most plastic is flammable, its products, which brought a lot of application
security risks. Precisely, flame retardants, flame retardants known as more
appropriate, because "flame" contains two meanings flame retardant and
smoke suppression, compared with the yellow iron oxide broader concept of flame retardants.
However, long time, people have become accustomed to the concept of use of
flame retardants, so the current literature is actually referred to in the
flame retardant and smoke suppression effect of functional additives in
general.
furniture, transportation, aviation, aerospace, electrical and other
aspects of the widely used to improve the acrylic processing flame retardancy of plastics has
become a very urgent issue. Inhibiting polymer flame retardant is a class
of flammability additives, they are mostly of the Periodic Table Ⅴ, Ⅶ Ⅲ
elements and compounds; especially phosphorus, bromine, chlorine, antimony
and aluminum compounds. Sub-additive flame retardants and reactive types.
Flame retardant halogen-containing primarily phosphate and phosphate, a
halogenated hydrocarbon, antimony oxide, and aluminum hydroxide. Advantage
is easy to use and adaptable. However, the addition of capacity of 10% to
30%, often affect the performance of plastics. Reactive flame retardant
containing the elements actually monomer, it has little effect on the
plastic properties. Common reactive flame retardants, halogenated
anhydrides such as for polyesters, for epoxy resins of tetrabromobisphenol
A, and phosphorus for polyurethane polyol. Initially flame retardants used
in the U.S., after the 1960s, the tio2 anatase amount of surge current usage after
plasticizer. Consuming most varieties of plastic flame retardant polyvinyl
chloride, polystyrene, polyurethane foam, unsaturated polyester, ABS resin
and polypropylene.
Most plastic is flammable, its products, which brought a lot of application
security risks. Precisely, flame retardants, flame retardants known as more
appropriate, because "flame" contains two meanings flame retardant and
smoke suppression, compared with the yellow iron oxide broader concept of flame retardants.
However, long time, people have become accustomed to the concept of use of
flame retardants, so the current literature is actually referred to in the
flame retardant and smoke suppression effect of functional additives in
general.
2013年8月18日星期日
Calcium stearate coated sand is to be applied
Lubricant coated sand is usually calcium stearate coated sand its fluidity,
caking resistance, gas evolution, has antimony trioxide an impact strength and thermal
toughness. Calcium stearate coating evenly distributed in the sand, in the
core-temperature softening resin, and calcium stearate has melted, forming
a network interpenetrated softness of the resin increases, increasing the
deflection of the shell and thus lead to thermal toughness increases.
Calcium stearate-coated sand to improve lubricity fluidity that compaction
of the sand core is increased, thereby increasing the strength of the core.
Calcium stearate 60-80 degrees higher than the resin melting point, heat
softened after calcium stearate time later than the resin, dispersed in the
sand is not melted in a range of calcium stearate skeleton played a role in
the resin soften the sand barrier during settlement, reducing the formation
of voids and sand core expansion tendencies. But also can play a role in
improving the melting point of coated sand. Calcium stearate coated sand
can improve thermal cracking, thermal cracking of coated sand was mainly
due to thermal expansion and red iron oxide thermal shock stress, with the increase in the
amount of calcium stearate, thermal cracking time gradually delayed, the
reason melting point higher than that of calcium stearate resin which
increases the sand core to improve the thermoplastic advantageous, whereby
relaxation of the thermal stress of the tio2 anatase sand core. Calcium stearate was
added in the amount of coated sand although rarely, but the effect is very
large, to prevent caking of the coated sand, improve mobility, improve the
resistance of the shell and mold release. Calcium stearate coated sand not
only affect the quality of the strength of the coated sand temperature
performance is also crucial ten million can not be discounted. Calcium
stearate was added in the synthesis of a greater amount of silica can be
increased calcium stearate-coated sand in the high temperature performance.
caking resistance, gas evolution, has antimony trioxide an impact strength and thermal
toughness. Calcium stearate coating evenly distributed in the sand, in the
core-temperature softening resin, and calcium stearate has melted, forming
a network interpenetrated softness of the resin increases, increasing the
deflection of the shell and thus lead to thermal toughness increases.
Calcium stearate-coated sand to improve lubricity fluidity that compaction
of the sand core is increased, thereby increasing the strength of the core.
Calcium stearate 60-80 degrees higher than the resin melting point, heat
softened after calcium stearate time later than the resin, dispersed in the
sand is not melted in a range of calcium stearate skeleton played a role in
the resin soften the sand barrier during settlement, reducing the formation
of voids and sand core expansion tendencies. But also can play a role in
improving the melting point of coated sand. Calcium stearate coated sand
can improve thermal cracking, thermal cracking of coated sand was mainly
due to thermal expansion and red iron oxide thermal shock stress, with the increase in the
amount of calcium stearate, thermal cracking time gradually delayed, the
reason melting point higher than that of calcium stearate resin which
increases the sand core to improve the thermoplastic advantageous, whereby
relaxation of the thermal stress of the tio2 anatase sand core. Calcium stearate was
added in the amount of coated sand although rarely, but the effect is very
large, to prevent caking of the coated sand, improve mobility, improve the
resistance of the shell and mold release. Calcium stearate coated sand not
only affect the quality of the strength of the coated sand temperature
performance is also crucial ten million can not be discounted. Calcium
stearate was added in the synthesis of a greater amount of silica can be
increased calcium stearate-coated sand in the high temperature performance.
what the PVC processing aid
Is known, the thermoplastic resin, the mechanical properties of the final
product with the polymer melt in the conversion process closely related to
the uniformity. Unlike most other thermoplastic resins, rigid PVC particles
due to their inherent structure which carbon black powder can not be directly processed result.
It requires a high temperature for a long processing time, which in turn
often leads to thermal degradation. PVC resin processing aids to bring a
lot of benefits, mainly with the processing of the melting process and melt
rheology related. Processing aids help to improve the melt adhesion and
uniformity of the melt strength, melt extensibility and melt elasticity.
Processing aids and the polymer structure components affects the
compatibility with PVC, additives, and will change some properties, such as
fluxing properties and lubricating properties. On the other hand, the
processing aid in controlling the molecular weight and molecular weight
distribution of the rheological properties of the melt will play a key
role. The most common processing aids are methacrylic ester polymers. Poly
(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) of a polymer having a high glass transition
temperature (Tg), and it has magnesium hydroxide excellent PVC material compatibility, these
properties are beneficial local shear heat generation and transmission,
thus PVC in the melt phase to promote melting.
Melt rheological properties in addition, the enhancement of dispersion and
improve the processing efficiency, and enhance the chrome oxide overall balance of
various properties (especially viscosity corresponding to the melt
strength), which are new processing aids and the main directions of
research objectives. This development process aids ask the premise with
less the same effect can be obtained, in addition, the necessary uniform
color, the application of the transparent material is also required
material is more easily dispersed and more uniform and transparent.
2013年8月16日星期五
PVC processing aids
PVC is a very special thermoplastics, it is easy to decompose the pure resin processing, poor mobility, low impact strength, poor weather resistance and therefore require in the plastic flame retardant process to add various auxiliary materials to improve their performance. Such as: lubricants, heat stabilizers, impact modifiers, processing aids. Processing aids in the development and application process, by product ingredients can be divided into the following broad categories: methyl methacrylate (MMA) / acrylate copolymer, MMA / styrene copolymer, acrylonitrile / styrene, etc., currently Use the largest, the best is MMA / acrylate copolymer. 2, the role of
Processing aids (Processing Aid) main role is to:
1) to accelerate the flame retardant process of PVC plastics.
2) to improve the rheological properties of the thermoplastic melt.
3) improve the thermo-elastic mechanical properties of the melt state.
4) improve the quality of products, the appearance of the other integrated functions.
Although the processing aid added is less, but to improve the performance of PVC processing is very important. Impact modifier and barium stearate processing aid ACR ACR are acrylate polymer, but because of the different formulations performance ratio and different structures, impact the ACR about 10-20% of methyl methacrylate and acrylic acid about 80-90% esters. MBS impact modifier ACR as the same as the core-shell structure. And MBS, CPE impact modifiers, etc. compared to the processability and weather resistance, good surface finish, especially for outdoor goods, in foreign countries, acrylic impact modifiers because environmental protection, excellent performance, weather has been replaced by high-performance CPE impact modifier.
Processing aids (Processing Aid) main role is to:
1) to accelerate the flame retardant process of PVC plastics.
2) to improve the rheological properties of the thermoplastic melt.
3) improve the thermo-elastic mechanical properties of the melt state.
4) improve the quality of products, the appearance of the other integrated functions.
Although the processing aid added is less, but to improve the performance of PVC processing is very important. Impact modifier and barium stearate processing aid ACR ACR are acrylate polymer, but because of the different formulations performance ratio and different structures, impact the ACR about 10-20% of methyl methacrylate and acrylic acid about 80-90% esters. MBS impact modifier ACR as the same as the core-shell structure. And MBS, CPE impact modifiers, etc. compared to the processability and weather resistance, good surface finish, especially for outdoor goods, in foreign countries, acrylic impact modifiers because environmental protection, excellent performance, weather has been replaced by high-performance CPE impact modifier.
PVC heat stabilizers and compatibility of microcapsules
PVC heat stabilizers toward today's low toxicity, non-toxic and compound trend. Hydrotalcite, calcium zinc stabilizers for its non-toxic and versatile features, the development at home titanium dioxide and abroad has become a hot spot. However, many PVC heat stabilizers for research work only simple complex synergies, the effect is less toxic type heat stabilizers; complex components for heat stabilizers, although to some extent inhibited the degradation of PVC, but which will inevitably there will be some poor compatibility and PVC material, these substances be mechanical properties of PVC and other properties adversely affected.
Has gradually developed a microencapsulation technology has tio2 anatase certain advantages, fundamentally improve the PVC heat stabilizer and the compatibility between the materials, at the molecular level to enhance heat stabilizer and the association between the materials, improved PVC thermal stability as well as the mechanical properties of the material will not cause too much impact. Microencapsulation technology application in flame retardants have been studied in more mature, but the chrome oxide plastic heat stabilizer applied research is still blank. Therefore, the design and use of microencapsulation technology to carry out the PVC heat stabilizers microencapsulation, is a relatively new idea. PVC as wall, hydrotalcite, calcium / zinc heat stabilizer as core materials, the organic phase separation microencapsulation of heat stabilizers. Due to the shell material the same as the plastic substrate, this micro-capsules with PVC, very good compatibility with plastics.
Has gradually developed a microencapsulation technology has tio2 anatase certain advantages, fundamentally improve the PVC heat stabilizer and the compatibility between the materials, at the molecular level to enhance heat stabilizer and the association between the materials, improved PVC thermal stability as well as the mechanical properties of the material will not cause too much impact. Microencapsulation technology application in flame retardants have been studied in more mature, but the chrome oxide plastic heat stabilizer applied research is still blank. Therefore, the design and use of microencapsulation technology to carry out the PVC heat stabilizers microencapsulation, is a relatively new idea. PVC as wall, hydrotalcite, calcium / zinc heat stabilizer as core materials, the organic phase separation microencapsulation of heat stabilizers. Due to the shell material the same as the plastic substrate, this micro-capsules with PVC, very good compatibility with plastics.
2013年8月15日星期四
PVC heat stabilizers harmful to you
Stabilizers what is it? Can increase solution, gel, solid, chemical stability of the mixture called stabilizer. It can Acrylic
impact modifier slow down the reaction, to maintain chemical balance, reduce surface tension and prevent light, thermal decomposition or oxidative decomposition effect. Generalized chemical stabilizers wide range of sources, mainly based formulation designed to designers, the flexibility to use any chemicals to achieve the purpose of product quality and stability. Narrowly speaking, mainly refers to maintaining high polymer plastics, rubber, synthetic fibers such as stability, to prevent its decomposition, the aging of the PVC
stabilizer for cable reagent.
The widely used PVC heat stabilizers are mainly lead salt stabilizers, organotin stabilizers, calcium zinc stabilizer, rare earth stabilizer, which lead salts are toxic stabilizers are not environmentally friendly, but because of its cheap, or application than more; Behind the iron oxide yellow three are environmentally friendly stabilizers, no harm or harm to human body is very small.
Sections dedicated environmental calcium and zinc PVC heat stabilizers has been lead salt stabilizer PVC compound to cheap, thermal stability characteristics, the highest amount of PVC heat stabilizers in the first, composite calcium zinc PVC heat stabilizers have excellent fluidity and early color performance to meet the requirements of injection products, but its price than lead salt cheaper PVC heat stabilizers, is an environmentally friendly and inexpensive Ca-Zn PVC heat stabilizers.
The widely used PVC heat stabilizers are mainly lead salt stabilizers, organotin stabilizers, calcium zinc stabilizer, rare earth stabilizer, which lead salts are toxic stabilizers are not environmentally friendly, but because of its cheap, or application than more; Behind the iron oxide yellow three are environmentally friendly stabilizers, no harm or harm to human body is very small.
Sections dedicated environmental calcium and zinc PVC heat stabilizers has been lead salt stabilizer PVC compound to cheap, thermal stability characteristics, the highest amount of PVC heat stabilizers in the first, composite calcium zinc PVC heat stabilizers have excellent fluidity and early color performance to meet the requirements of injection products, but its price than lead salt cheaper PVC heat stabilizers, is an environmentally friendly and inexpensive Ca-Zn PVC heat stabilizers.
rare earth composite PVC heat stabilizers advantages
Pvc heat stabilizer in the process, a single-component process stabilizer is to meet the demand. The black
iron oxide rare earth stabilizer heat stabilizers to play the maximum effect, and only through, and other compound stabilizers for PVC composite can be achieved. According to processing needs, technical support, the type of product, as well as the ratio of the different conditions, the synthesis of rare skin thermal stabilizer is different.
Currently on the market of rare earth compound stabilizer generally have the following seven advantages:
1, excellent thermal stability. Rare earth stabilizer either dynamic or static thermal stability are superior to the glyceryl monostearate traditional system and lead salts of barium, cadmium, zinc stabilizer in products to replace or reduce the use of organic tin products. Broad prospects for development of a
2, to promote melting, good processing performance. Rare earth metal salt is added stabilizer may change the rheological properties of materials, and to promote the melting of the organic tin performance close.
3, coupling compatibilization. Rare stabilizer for PVC products, coupling of each component has a unique compatibilization, can improve the impact strength of products, can promote the increase of the amount of the resin filler.
4, plasticized, toughening. Rare earth metal salt stabilizers and stabilizer compared to a plasticizing the resin, toughening effect.
5, excellent transparency. Dilute ten stabilizers either alone or in combination with organic tin product mix, the chrome oxide optical performance can be organic tin products the same effects when used alone.
6, brightening properties. Rare earth stabilizer used in colored plastic, with a clear and unique brightening functions.
7, the weather resistance. Rare earth stabilizer significantly better anti-aging effects of light on the lead salt stabilizer, organic tin performance equivalent to seven additional stabilizer thin insulating properties and also excellent in safety and hygiene.
Currently on the market of rare earth compound stabilizer generally have the following seven advantages:
1, excellent thermal stability. Rare earth stabilizer either dynamic or static thermal stability are superior to the glyceryl monostearate traditional system and lead salts of barium, cadmium, zinc stabilizer in products to replace or reduce the use of organic tin products. Broad prospects for development of a
2, to promote melting, good processing performance. Rare earth metal salt is added stabilizer may change the rheological properties of materials, and to promote the melting of the organic tin performance close.
3, coupling compatibilization. Rare stabilizer for PVC products, coupling of each component has a unique compatibilization, can improve the impact strength of products, can promote the increase of the amount of the resin filler.
4, plasticized, toughening. Rare earth metal salt stabilizers and stabilizer compared to a plasticizing the resin, toughening effect.
5, excellent transparency. Dilute ten stabilizers either alone or in combination with organic tin product mix, the chrome oxide optical performance can be organic tin products the same effects when used alone.
6, brightening properties. Rare earth stabilizer used in colored plastic, with a clear and unique brightening functions.
7, the weather resistance. Rare earth stabilizer significantly better anti-aging effects of light on the lead salt stabilizer, organic tin performance equivalent to seven additional stabilizer thin insulating properties and also excellent in safety and hygiene.
2013年8月14日星期三
PVC-PVC heat stabilizers condensed structure and its evolution
Performance of PVC heat stabilizers, it must be possible for PVC structure and evolution of condensed matter research, the following come to you to do an analysis.
First, PVC aggregation structure
PVC by suspension polymerization, emulsion polymerization, bulk polymerization, solution polymerization synthesis, and suspension polymerization production accounted for 85% of total production, except for some special purpose materials, the vast majority of suspension PVC products.
The condensed suspension PVC has the vegetable stearic acid following characteristics: particle diameter of the resin 150 pm, its interior has a "multi-particle" structure, a particle size of 1 ~ 2 ^ xm, its particle structure similar to "pomegranate", that is the PVC resin particles the secondary particles are aggregated together, and in turn, the secondary particle diameter of 1 (K50 nm primary particles piled up each other. Overall though PVC is generally considered to be an amorphous polymer, but its interior is still containing 5% of the crystallites. of PVC carbon - chlorine bond strongly polar, this part of the crystallite melting point of up to 200 V or more, making a lot of crystallites do not melt in the process of this part of the base microcrystalline as physical crosslinking points in the role.
Second, the processing aids in the dibasic lead stearate processing of condensed structure Evolution
At lower processing temperatures, the resin particles are used as mobile unit under the action of force and heat extrusion friction with each other, is destroyed gradually as the primary and secondary particles. When the temperature is higher than the glass transition temperature of PVC, the agglomeration of the polymer particles in the secondary chain starts moving, and formed at the surface of the secondary particle entangled network structure three-dimensional space.
Intermolecular forces of PVC large capacity is low and the molecular chain exercise special PVC particles condensed structure to poor heat when heated; particle suspension stabilizer present on the polyethylene oxide surface film, the hard particles melt microcrystalline, Suspended particles makes it difficult to form an effective tangles. These factors lead to slow plasticized PVC, low melt strength, defective rate, seriously affecting the production efficiency and product quality. Research results show that even at the end of the extrusion molding, only 60 to 65% of the secondary particles to complete plasticization. Resulting PVC solid particles containing a secondary structure of the "filler material", in addition to the secondary particle entanglement of the segment during the cooling after the formation of a new ceramic, PVC gives the unique structural features and performance.
pvc heat stabilizer nine conclusions applied research
This paper describes the application of pvc heat stabilizer nine major conclusions, and how come these nine conclusion it? In a later article, we will gradually introduce. Described here first introduced under direction from pvc heat stabilizer material applied research, experimental and research methods, to give you parse. Put the carbon black powder following pvc heat stabilizer applied research in nine conclusions introduce to you, for everyone to learn.
(L) the unmodified hydrotalcite was added to the PVC, thermal stability is not good, but through the organic acid-modified hydrotalcite is significantly improved the thermal stability of PVC resin, as dodecyl sulfonate-modified hydrotalcite hydrotalcite compared with the ordinary, thermal stability time of 25 minutes, and after stearate modified hydrotalcite thermal stability time of 45 minutes, the described modified hydrotalcite stearate for improving the thermal stability of PVC play significant role.
(2) non-modified hydrotalcite flow properties of the materials added to some extent, the torque is too large, adding stearate modified hydrotalcite materials can significantly reduce the minimum torque and the balance torque, when the content of 4 parts, material flow, processing performance is best.
(3) dodecyl sulfonate, stearate modified hydrotalcite hydrotalcite organic acid ions into the interlayer, so that the plastic processing aid hydrotalcite has a large inter-layer space, easy thermal decomposition of PVC into the layers of Cl and organic acid exchange, both to prevent the HCI catalytic decomposition of PVC, is such that the resultant sulfonate and lauryl stearate dispersible and lubrication, the other organic acid adsorbed on the hydrotalcite may be oriented on the surface, so that the water Talc has a charge resistance, to prevent agglomeration of particles of hydrotalcite and hydrotalcite organic acid surface with covalently bound cations, organic hydrophobic chain to the outer end toward the hydrotalcite better dispersed in the PVC, so that greatly increase the absorption capacity of HCI.
(4) stearic acid-modified hydrotalcite and calcium stearate, zinc stearate, p-diketone complex were optimum content of 4, 0. Clever parts, 0.2 parts and 0.2 parts, and stearic acid-modified hydrotalcite compound and a p-diketone with a certain degree of weathering resistance.
(5) by infrared spectroscopy, confirming pentaerythritol and adipic acid as raw materials synthesized by direct esterification product of adipic acid pentaerythritol cool the target.
(6) adipic acid pentaerythritol cool identified the optimum conditions: Xylene sulfonic acid as the catalyst; xylene as water; pentaerythritol: adipic acid = 3.4:1; unitary purpose temperature controlled at about 175 ℃ The reaction time is 1.5 a Zh
(7) The synthesis process using cool products pentaerythritol adipate, pentaerythritol adipate vinegar alone will heat stabilizer added to the PVC, the initial performance is excellent, but long-term stability, good, 2 parts of cool and 1.5 parts The Ca-Zn compound to form a non-toxic, weather organic heat stabilizers for PVC, the soap can inhibit zinc burning phenomenon peculiar to zinc, zinc and calcium have a good synergy, and its thermal stability when IhJ up to 34min.
(8) pentaerythritol cool to join the zinc borate flow properties of the material have a certain impact, increasing the content of unitary purpose material can significantly reduce the minimum torque, improved materials processing performance when pentaerythritol cool content of 2 parts, the material flow properties, best processing performance.
(9) calcium zinc stabilizer complex brew with pentaerythritol PvC can significantly shorten plasticizing time, improve initial coloration of PVC, inhibiting zinc burning phenomenon, reducing the processing time consuming.
pvc heat stabilizer type and main use
Mainly used in PVC stabilizers for PVC and other chlorine-containing polymers. PVC plastic was found only in the order above 160 ℃ molding, while it is in 120 ~ 130 ℃ thermal decomposition when it low molecular polyethylene began to release the HCl gas, if it does not inhibit the generation of HCl, decomposition will further exacerbate this issue had been troubled Development and application of PVC plastic main challenges.PVC stabilizers main types of organotin stabilizers, lead salt stabilizer, a metal soap type stabilizer, stabilizer compound, epoxy compound stabilizers, phosphite stabilizers, stabilizers polyhydric alcohols, organic titanium dioxide antimony stable agents, rare earth stabilizers, liquid stabilizers.
At present the domestic PVC stabilizer has lead salts, mainly in the whole PVC industry, PVC stabilizers overall grouped into three categories:
1 lead salt heat stabilizer: There are three salt, two salts, organic lead salts, etc.;
(2) Organic tin heat stabilizer: a methyl tin, dibutyltin octyl tin;
3 mixed metal salt stabilizer: they are calcium, potassium, magnesium, barium, zinc, cadmium, lanthanum, and hydrotalcite secondary metal and an organic stabilizer, antioxidant mixture. pvc additive Currently on the market with calcium and zinc, barium, zinc and barium cadmium zinc three systems-based, there are three forms of such products.
2013年8月12日星期一
On the role of PVC heat stabilizers principle
Talking about the role of PVC heat stabilizers principle
Who can improve the thermal PVC impact modifier stability of the polymer additives are known heat stabilizers. Because of the poor thermal stability of PVC, so most of the world are used for PVC heat stabilizers of PVC. Therefore, the commonly used PVC heat stabilizer refers to polyvinyl chloride and its copolymers heat stabilizer.
As to achieve good stability of PVC often need to use a variety of pvc heat stabilizer, so that dibasic lead stearat some products is a combination of stabilizers for PVC component complex, a composite stabilizer, such as barium cadmium stabilizer, barium zinc stabilizer etc., these composite stabilizer usually has joined the PVC processing lubricants and other additives needed to facilitate the users. Many varieties of composite stabilizer with powder, paste, liquid, three forms.
PVC stabilizers detection
1 hydrotalcite, organic auxiliary classes of organic compounds such as single-use type, the thermal stability is not good, often with a metal-containing heat stabilizer compound used. Currently used thermal stabilizers are organic polyols, phosphite, epoxidized soybean oil, 1,3 - dione. Polyhydric alcohol is the mechanism: generating a complex catalytic effect of chloride, thereby enhancing the effect of the thermal stability of metal. The most commonly used polyols are pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol sorbic alcohol. WangMing other studies of pentaerythritol heat stabilizer for calcium zinc thermal stabilization, S.van E.Daan polyols and other studies on PVC processing performance. Organic phosphite heat stabilizer is the most important and the calcium stearate largest use one, when compounded with the metal soap is used, the effect is obvious. Commonly used are alkyl and aryl phosphites. Epoxy oils has attracted more and more people's attention, such compounds are characterized by a molecule containing one or more epoxy groups, PVC heat generated when hydrogen chloride, an epoxy group to quickly react with , blocking the hydrogen chloride from the catalyst for PVC, thereby improving the thermal stability of PVC. As the epoxy oils of PVC has a strong plasticizing action and non-toxic, in recent years, many such as food packaging for soft cork bottle plasticizers and heat stabilizers. Wu Maoying other studies β-diketone compound and zinc heat stabilizing effect, that the β-diketone complexes of zinc with excellent thermal stability performance. PVC heat stabilizers organic research is entering the 21st century one of the hotspots. As the representative of Egypt Sabaa researchers studied a variety of organic compounds and their derivatives stabilizing effect on PVC, typical substances vanillin - Schiff base, barbituric acid, etc. These organic compounds have excellent thermal stability. In addition to the calcium zinc stabilizer organic auxiliary heat stabilizers, thermal stability of the PVC industry, hydrotalcite, synthetic zeolites, and other inorganic perchlorate also used in supplemental heat stabilizers. Hydrotalcite layered inorganic metal material, its molecular formula is: Mg6Al2 (OH) 16CO3, while water of crystallization with a conventional synthesized by coprecipitation method. When a hydrotalcite is used as heat stabilizers for PVC, and PVC processing can be released during the degradation reaction of hydrogen chloride, when the hydrotalcite is used alone as heat stabilizers for PVC, the effect is not ideal, and a metal soap compound generally used. Hydrotalcite obvious disadvantage is poor compatibility with PVC, in recent years, different researchers by reducing the size of the hydrotalcite to improve their dispersion in PVC or molecular modification hydrotalcite enhance compatibility. Synthetic zeolite molecular sieves or more types of structure of the compound, usually containing oxides of silicon and aluminum composite, also contain water of crystallization, the molecule containing regular pore structure. In recent years, zeolite PVC industry as a heat stabilizer also been studied and used. Using an oil bath pot, built glycerin, will be tested PVC heat stabilizers mixed with the material after being loaded into a small test tube, so that the material becomes a slight concussion and firm, and then placed in an oil bath pot among glycerol oil bath pot set in advance a temperature of approximately 170 ℃, PVC material within the small tube and the upper surface of the upper surface level of glycerin, small tube top, with a thin tube inserted into the plug, the upper and lower transparent glass, the glass tube Congo red paper hit the bottom of the roll inserted so Congo red paper with the lower edge of the upper edge of the PVC material is located about 2 cm. After the start of the experiment, record the test tube to the test tube from Congo red paper turns blue start time is the thermal stabilization time. The basic theory of this experiment is that when the PVC at a temperature of about 170 ℃ when rapid decomposition, but with the addition of a heat stabilizer, suppresses the decomposition, with time, the heat stabilizer consumption occurs when the antimony oxide consumption is completed , PVC dramatically HCl gas decomposition in this case, the test tube as Congo Red reagent reacts easily with HCl and discoloration, will be immediately apparent, a note of the time determined by the length of time to heat stabilizer the effect of pros and cons. 2.2 Preparation of the static oven test in addition to thermal stability of PVC powder and other agents other processing aids (such as lubricants, impact modifiers, fillers, etc.) of the high-speed mixed sample. The sample must be taken, according to certain proportion of different thermal stabilizers, after mixing, add to the double-stick kneading machine for preparation of test pieces, generally without the addition of a plasticizer in the case, two roll temperature is set at 160 ~ 180 ℃, adding a plasticizer, the roller temperature is generally about 140 ℃. Tabletting using two stick repeatedly to obtain a uniform film after the backsheet, and clip, a certain size with different samples PVC heat stabilizer. Different PVC sheet placed in a test fixture, and then placed at constant temperature (180 ℃) of the oven at regular intervals (eg 10 min or 15 min), to record the color change of the test piece until the black so far. An oven aging test, can determine the thermal stability of PVC heat stabilizer effect to the merits, particularly ability to inhibit the color change is generally believed that, PVC heat, the color will occur white - yellow - brown - brown - black range from shallow deep changes, through a certain period of time to determine the color of PVC degradation. Torque rheometer torque rheometer is an imitation of the actual PVC processing of a typical small pilot-type apparatus. Outside of the instrument a closed processing tank, connected to the instrument by the computer can control the machining tank temperature, and within two roll speed, torque rheometer added quality of materials is generally 60 ~ 80 g, depending on the apparatus and different models. Experimental procedure is: be prepared in advance with different thermal stabilizer masterbatch, masterbatch formulations, in addition to base other than PVC general there ACR, CPE, 64 engineering applications 2011, Volume 39, No. 8 CaCO3, TiO2, lubrication agent. Torque Rheometer advance the set temperature, when the temperature rose to specify and steady speed, will be weighed mixture added processing chamber, quickly closed records on a computer connected to a variety of parameters, namely flow curve. After processing, you can also get different extrudate physical characteristics, such as whiteness, whether shaping, smoothness and so on. These parameters can determine the corresponding potential industrial heat stabilizers, heat stabilizers suitable shall have suitable torque and plasticizing time of the extrudate should be preferably molded and whiteness, surface smoothing. Torque rheometer in laboratory studies and between industrialized mass production to build a convenient bridge [24]. 2.5 blackened roll as a dynamic measurement test the effect of a thermal stabilizer class helper methods, dynamic rheometer double roll is used in the absence of experimental double-rolled sheet, select the instrument, which will be combined with high-speed mixed powder, pressed sheet forming, the resulting samples were subjected to repeated extrusion until the black test piece until completely black record time, the time is called blackening. Blackening by comparing the length of time to determine the type of thermal stabilizer effect of the thermal stability of PVC. 4 LDHs as PVC heat stabilizers research LDHs are a class of special structure and properties of inorganic crystalline materials, the typical structural features: ordered nanoscale laminates; has exchangeable interlayer anions; Shelf element according to the design requirements can be adjusted within a certain range; isomorphous substitution can also be introduced by other metal atoms, such as the host layer alkaline. Synthetic hydrotalcite with other thermal stabilizer compound as PVC heat stabilizer, can significantly increase the thermal stability of PVC, PVC material may also be given a number of other excellent properties, which is due to the hydrotalcite has a unique structure and properties. Huayou Qing [4] studied the Mg-Al hydrotalcite layered double hydroxides right through the base of PVC rigid and lightweight thermal stability, introduced the stabilizer coprecipitation synthesis method, and its X- ray diffraction analysis and thermal gravimetric analysis; results show that this kind of novel thermal stabilizer has important environmental value and economic benefits. Zhang Li [5] by colorimetry, pyrolysis studies hydrotalcite, lead salts, organic tin, as well as hydrotalcite and lead salts, organic tin compound stabilizers for PVC composite stabilizing effect, study the lead salt stabilizer system and hydrotalcite and organic tin compound stabilizer systems for PVC mechanical and rheological properties. The results showed that: hydrotalcite can not be the primary stabilizer of PVC, it should only be a secondary PVC stabilizer or stabilizer compounded with other compound stabilizers for use ratio of Mg 2 DLHs effect on the thermal stability of PVC most Jia, respectively, and lead salts hydrotalcite, organotin compound were carried out with good synergies and the latter better stability of PVC. Which, PVC, hydrotalcite and organic tin compound to 100:1.5:1.5 mass ratio of thermal stability of the composite system is not only superior to the conventional lead salt system, with good mechanical and rheological properties. Liu Zhiyuan [6] in the appropriate conditions, by coprecipitation synthesis of a series Mg-Al hydrotalcite products. Mg-Al-based hydrotalcite adjustable main characteristics of the chemical composition of shelves, first explores the Mg-Al-based hydrotalcite-doped calcium possibilities. The flame retardant and smoke suppression function of calcium into the main body of Mg-Al hydrotalcite chemical composition of laminates, laminates replace some or all of the magnesium ion, achieved through the experimental study of calcium magnesium aluminum layered product type three metaclasses and calcium aluminum hydrotalcite Bivariate Hydrotalcite synthesis. Using XRD, FT-IR on their composition and structure were characterized. XRD results that the samples are synthesized hydrotalcite layer structure, good crystal, high purity. IR analysis of samples tested synthetic interlayer anions are good symmetry of CO32-, further confirmed the Ca / Mg / Al Hydrotalcite successful synthesis. First studied as a flame retardant, heat stabilizer in PVC applications. Experimental results show that the Ca / Mg / Al hydrotalcite can improve the thermal stability of PVC. Under comparable conditions, MgAl-CO3-LDHs flame retardant and smoke suppression performance than Al (OH) 3 and Mg (OH) 2. At the same dosage (20phr) case, calcium magnesium aluminum type ternary Mg-Al hydrotalcite exhibited than hydrotalcite and hydrotalcite-type calcium aluminum better flame retardant and smoke suppression performance, indicating Ca2 + has improved materials flame retardant and smoke suppression effect.
2013年8月11日星期日
PVC heat stabilizers thermal degradation and chemical principles
Thermal degradation of PVC industrial production mainly due to its molecular structure containing labile defects. Currently, the synthesis can not fundamentally improved methods and processes to avoid or reduce the generation of defects, so adding "thermal stabilizer" PVC improve thermal stability. In practical applications requiring heat stabilizers have a more comprehensive performance, any one of a single Glycerol monostearate component heat stabilizers are unable to meet. Thermal stabilizers actual synergistic effect on the development of composite system design principles, called compound heat stabilizer. Zinc-based composite thermal stability synergy: synergistic heat stabilizers "and in HCl", HCl and ZnCl2 concentration inhibiting growth weakened HCl catalytic thermal degradation of PVC, PVC to improve long-term stability; synergistic heat stabilizers and HCl protect the main stabilizing effect
Given agent, slowing consumption, thereby slowing the rate of PVC discoloration. Main effect of chlorine stabilizer instability suppression by replacing PVC heat
Degradation triggered not only suppressed discoloration of PVC, while also protecting the heat stabilizer synergist, slowing its consumption. PVC is one of the world's five common plastics in China, the first one of its consumption. China's economic development, especially the azodicarbonamide development of urbanization and real estate, to make PVC building materials in China was a great opportunity for development, its demand substantial growth; addition, transportation, communications and other fields demand for PVC resin was rapid growth. PVC profile windows and doors for cold insulation, weather resistance and good corrosion resistance, environmental compliance, energy consumption than ordinary steel doors and windows can save 17%. China's total energy consumption of building energy consumption accounted for about 1/4, building insulation performance, energy consumption accounted for 50% of housing energy waste. Today's increasingly global concern for environmental issues to prevent climate warming, the application of different doors and windows will have new potential. Thermal stabilizer the performance of the basic thermal stability, processing and weathering resistance. With the development of the plastics industry, and other performance additives accompanied exist, the optimized design of the "one package" of products are PVC heat stabilizers entered a mature stage of the landmark achievements. Balanced overall performance, cost-effective, environmentally friendly
Good, easy to customize and enhance production efficiency, "a pack" of composite stabilizer, is expected to be in the world
Generally welcomed, and become the future development trend.
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