plastic lubricant dispersant difference

 Lubricant is a broad concept. According to their different functions, the lubricant for the following three categories: (1) to reduce the friction between the particles to improve the  the materials, also known as  glidants); (2) to prevent the adhesion of raw materials to punch surface of the material, also known as anti-adhesion agent ); (3) to reduce the particle or tablet) with the friction between the die hole wall accessories, this is the real sense of the lubricant. An ideal lubricant should be both of the flow aid, anti-sticking and lubrication three roles, the  PVC heat stabilizer for window lubricant in the currently available yet no such ideal lubricant, are often one or two aspects of a relatively good performance, but other effects are relatively poor.
Type of dispersant fatty acids, fatty amides, and esters
Stearamide and used with higher alcohol can improve lubricity and thermal stability, the amount (mass fraction) 0.3% -0.8%, the slip agent may be polyolefin; hexenyl bis hard fat acid amides, also known as ethylene bis-stearamide (EBS), the lubricant is a high melting point, the amount of 0.5% to 2%; glyceryl monostearate (GMS), glyceryl tristearate (HTG); oleic acid 0.2% to 0.5% of the amount; hydrocarbon wax solid, mp 57 ~ 7
0 ℃, insoluble in water, soluble in an  azodicarbonamide organic solvent, the resin dispersibility, compatibility, poor thermal stability, the dosage is generally 0.5% or less paraffinic
Although the wax is external lubricant, but straight-chain non-polar hydrocarbon, not wet the metal surface, such as polyvinyl chloride resin that does not prevent adhesion of metal walls, only, and stearic acid, calcium stearate and used, in order to achieve synergy
(Nujol): Freezing Point -15 ¯ -35 ℃, the extrusion and injection molding processing, the compatibility with the resin
Poor, the amount added is generally 0.3% to 0.5%, too much time, but the processing performance deterioration
Microcrystalline wax: the petroleum refining process has been its relative molecular mass is large, and  there are many isomers, melting
Point 65-90 ℃, lubricity and thermal stability, but poor dispersion, the dosage is generally 0.1% to 0.2%, preferably butyl stearate, higher fatty acid and used
Metal soaps
Metal salts of higher fatty acids, called metal soaps such as barium stearate (BaSt) for a variety of plastics, an amount of about 0.5%; zinc stearate (ZnSt) for polyolefins, ABS, etc., the  Glycerol monostearate amount of was 0.3%; calcium stearate (CaSt) suitable for GE Plastics, external lubrication, the amount of 0.2% ¯ 1.5%; Other stearic acid soaps such as cadmium stearate (CdSt), stearic acid Magnesium (MgSt), copper stearate (CuSt) low molecular weight waxes
Based on a variety of low molecular weight polyethylene wax (homopolymer or copolymer), polypropylene, polystyrene or other polymer modified as raw material, by pyrolysis, oxidation from a range of performance of different oligomers
Its main products are: homopolymer, oxidized homopolymer, ethylene - acrylic acid copolymer, ethylene - vinyl acetate copolymer
Materials, low molecular weight ionomers five categories. Among the most commonly used polyethylene wax
Commonly used polyethylene wax average relative molecular mass of 1500-4000, the softening point of 102 ℃; Other specifications of polyethylene wax average relative molecular mass of 10,000 to 20,000, a softening point of 106 ℃; oxidized polyethylene wax of long-chain molecules with a certain amount of ester group or a soap, and thus the PVC, PE, PP, ABS and external lubrication more balanced, better, its transparency is good. As dispersing agent and its environment, many practical applications, selection of the appropriate dispersing agent is very important.

The synergistic effect of zinc borate

In the inorganic flame retardants, aluminum hydroxide flame retardant, smoke, filling three kinds of functions, because non-volatile, non-toxic, but also with a variety of substances produced synergistic effect, known as the inorganic pollution resistance flame retardants, but the use of aluminum hydroxide is usually necessary to add 50% (mass

Volume fraction) or more to show a good flame-retardant effect. Magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide in the case, this will add to the base resin due to the large deterioration of processability, mechanical properties losses. Antimony trioxide is an essential co-halogen flame retardant agent,

However, when used alone has little effect fire. Due to the higher zinc borate dehydration temperature (greater than 300 ℃), over most of the decomposition temperature of the polymer, antimony trioxide can be used in place of all or part of thermosetting polyester formulations, reduces the cost, but also

With aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and phosphorus-based flame retardants produce good synergistic effect, thereby reducing the amount of these additives, reducing their processing properties of the substrate.
In the study of zinc borate and magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, antimony trioxide, chlorinated paraffin flame retardant in the low-density polyethylene Synergistion found zinc borate flame retardant flame retardant system with either complex or with the compound with halogen flame retardant system, can achieve good flame effect

Fruit, and reduce the amount of other flame retardants, to improve the processing properties of the material.

The basic purpose of zinc borate

Low-hydrated zinc borate according to its characteristics, mainly used in high-rise buildings of rubber parts, elevators, cables, wires, plastic sheath, temporary buildings, military products, plastics, TV housings and spare parts, marine coatings and synthetic fibers . In addition, boric acid

Zinc corrosion protection also has a unique and powerful cost-effective corrosion resistance, can be used as multi-functional inorganic anticorrosive pigment instead of toxic lead, chromium rust paint. It is released from the metal surface borate ion, ferrous metal surface adsorbed ions of oxygen in the air

Under the action of oxidation of iron ions, and borate ions form insoluble stable, dense, complex salts of the passivation film, to prevent rusting of metal. David M, Schuber also studied zinc borate flame retardant as a multifunctional mechanism of action of anti-corrosion paints and coatings in the various areas, as

The application domain. Study found that zinc borate flux can be used as a strong ceramic, suitable for low-temperature fast firing process. Billet, glaze slurry introducing zinc borate can improve the performance of the glaze firing temperature, significantly improve the quality of the product. In addition, prepared by high-temperature solid-phase reaction of boron

Zinc, the present study is more than can be used as the light emitting material Zn3 (BO3) 2. Therefore, zinc borate increasingly broad range of applications, along with its in new areas of research and development, some of the irreplaceable advantages have been demonstrated.

Low-hydrated zinc borate flame retardant mechanism

Into organic flame retardants and inorganic flame retardants organic flame retardants include halogen, phosphorus and halogen - phosphorus; inorganic flame retardants are aluminum hydroxide, antimony trioxide, magnesium hydroxide , zinc borate, etc. of the inorganic flame retardants, antimony trioxide greater consumption,

But because it can not smoke suppression also has some toxicity, and therefore its use is subject to certain restrictions. Currently, there has been non-flame retardant antimony technology trends, can replace some or all of antimony trioxide flame retardant mainly zinc borate, tin, zinc, molybdenum compounds, etc. According to statistics, the occurrence of

Deaths caused by fire, 80% of which is generated by combustion of materials caused by smoke and toxic gases, therefore, in addition to having excellent flame retardant effect, low toxicity, low smoke also its essential properties borate zinc as an environmentally friendly inorganic flame retardant, with

Non-toxic, pollution-free, flame retardant and smoke suppression of excellent performance, especially low-hydrated zinc borate (2ZnO3B2O33.5H2O) after the advent gradually been widely applied. Zinc borate and other flame retardants (antimony trioxide, aluminum hydroxide etc.) complex to use, can significantly improve their smoke suppression, resistance

Combustion performance, with good market prospects.
Low-hydrated zinc borate flame retardant mechanism
1.1 Physical Properties lower hydrated zinc borate as a white crystalline powder, melting point 980 ℃, density of 2.71 × 103kg/m3, refractive index 1.58, a molecular weight of 434.66, toxicity LD50 (oral, rat)>, no toxic inhalation and contact the skin, the eyes do not produce irritation, no

Corrosive; insoluble in water, soluble in hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and dimethyl sulfoxide, soluble complexes generate ammonia; insoluble in ethanol, n-butanol, benzene and other organic solvents; heated to about 290 ℃ begins to lose crystal water, to 600 ℃, completely lost crystal water.
1.2 retardant plastic pyrolysis release mechanism H, and R radicals, H and the active oxygen in the air to generate a great HO, the rapid expansion of the flame can, both the formation of chain reaction H (resulting pyrolysis) + O2 → HO + O CO (pyrolysis proceeds) + HO → CO2 + H Thus, flame retardants should reach

To flame purpose, you need to: ① to reduce the temperature of ignition, preventing polymer pyrolysis of H and R radicals; ② able to cut off the air; ③ able to capture the activity of great HO, prevent flame expansion.
zinc borate flame retardant as a flame retardant to satisfy the above requirements, the flame retardant mechanism is:
1 heat and diluted zinc borate can be higher than 300 ℃ crystallization of water, can play a role in the cooling heat. Zinc borate, about 38% of zinc oxide, zinc hydroxide, zinc or form into the gas phase, the combustible gas is diluted so that the combustion rate decreases.
(2) forming the cover layer generally halogen flame retardant zinc borate compound and use, contact with fire and heat, the reaction equation is 2ZnO 3B2O3 3.5H2O +22 RX → 2ZnX2 +6 BX3 + 11R2O +3.5 H2O ZnX2 high boiling point, is a solid substance that can combustible material covered on the table

Isolated from the air side, inhibiting combustible gases, and also to prevent oxidation and the action of heat; contribute PVC decomposes to form an aliphatic hydrocarbon, ultimately beneficial for the dehydration reaction; acid can promote the generation of large amounts of carbon of carbon increases means combustible material escapes reduction

Have a good smoke suppression effect.
3 to prevent chain reaction when added to the zinc borate halogen polymer material, in the combustion gas generated after entering BX3 encounter with water vapor to generate HX, the flame generated radicals halogen atom, to prevent free radical inter chain reaction.

Low practical application of hydrated zinc borate

In practical applications in the rubber ZB flame, to delay the ignition timing and the rubber a "self-extinguishing smoke" to prevent sustained combustion and spread of the plastic, resin production ZB retardant is added, can be made flame retardant plastic canvas, flame phenolics, unsaturated polyesters

Glass steel tile, plastic wire and cable protection cover, etc.. ZB retardants fine granularity, good dispersion, easy to grind modulated into paint, storage stability, in terms rust retardant additives have greater advantages than the existing [9] borate zinc and traditional flame retardant compound used can significantly raise

High performance flame-retardant and smoke suppression. zinc borate and antimony trioxide obtained when used PVC cable sheath, the oxygen index increased from the original 24 to 32 to 34. zinc borate flame retardant and antimony trioxide to (a ~ 3): 1 ratio to the halogen-containing resin, not only improve the flame resistance, and reduces with

Burning smoke halogen-free resin 25% of PVC containing 2ZnO3B2O3 3.5H2O carbides formed at 650 ℃ contains the original 80% boron, and 62% zinc, zinc catalytic dehydrochlorination of PVC, PVC cross-linked into the carbon layer, 2ZnO3B2O3 .5 H2O and halogen-containing materials such as bromine-containing polyesters,

Nylon, epoxy resins flame-retardant synergistic effect from [10]; it is in the non-halogen material such as ethylene - vinyl acetate copolymer, polyethylene, styrene, polyvinyl chloride, epoxy, acrylic, synthetic rubber and aluminum hydroxide can also play a synergistic flame retardant and smoke suppression effect, and

Filler can improve the performance of, inhibit dripping, to improve their mechanical properties .2 ZnO3B2O33.5H2O with Sb2O3 and Al (OH) 3 at the same time complex, can reduce the amount of Sb2O3, and better flame-retardant effect. Accordingly unsaturated polyester , epoxy resin, PBT, PET, PA, polysulfone,

Phenyl ether, ethylene - vinyl acetate copolymers, ethylene acrylate copolymers, polyethylene, ABS, polyurethane, polycarbonate, EPDM, acrylic very widely used in the silicone rubber, silicon-containing polymer in a single cable material 2ZnO3B2O33. 5H2O itself is an excellent

Retardant smoke suppressant

Anatase titanium dioxide physicochemical properties

Physical Properties
In the commonly used white pigment, titanium dioxide anatase relative density of the smallest. Anatase at high temperatures will be transformed into rutile, anatase

titanium dioxide thus melting and boiling points are actually non-existent. Anatase type titanium dioxide is relatively low dielectric constant, only 48. Anatase

titanium dioxide Mohs hardness of 5.5 to 6.0, so in order to avoid fiber matting and the use of orifice wear tio2 anatase . A titanium dioxide is better, but the coloring

strength of only 70% of R-type, the weatherability test join the A-type titanium dioxide film after only one year later began cracking or peeling fragmented, while

adding R-type titania Specimen After ten years later only a small change in its appearance. Since R-type titanium dioxide tinting strength and weather resistance,

better use of R-type plastics coloring titanium dioxide as well.
Chemical properties
Anatase titanium dioxide chemically extremely stable, is an acidic amphoteric oxide. At room temperature and almost no compound with other elements, oxygen, ammonia,

nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, does not work, do not dissolve in water, fat, nor soluble in dilute acid and inorganic acids, bases, only

the dissolved hydrogen hydrofluoric acid. However, under the action of the light, titanium dioxide can occur continuously redox reactions, with photochemical activity.

This via photochemical activity, ultraviolet irradiation anatase titanium dioxide is particularly evident, even though some of the properties of titanium dioxide

oxidation catalyst photosensitive inorganic compounds, and certain organic photosensitive reduction catalyst

Three forms of titanium dioxide

Titanium dioxide has three crystalline forms in nature: rutile, anatase and titanium plates.
Titanium plate is orthorhombic, crystal form is unstable, i.e. at above 650 ℃ into rutile, therefore no practical value industrially. Anatase is stable at room

temperature, but at high temperatures would like rutile conversion. Depending on the manufacturing method and transformed intensity during calcination is added with

inhibit or promote the like conditions. Generally considered less at 165 ℃ for almost no crystal transformation, more than 730 ℃ when the conversion quickly. Rutile

titanium dioxide is the most stable crystalline form, compact structure, as compared with anatase with high hardness, density, dielectric constant and refractive

index. Rutile and anatase are tetragonal system, but have different lattice, and thus the X-ray images are also different, anatase type io2 anatase in the

diffraction angle of 25.5 °, a diffraction angle in rutile 27.5 °. Rutile crystal slender, prism, usually twinning; while anatase approximate regular octahedral

general.